1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which muscle is the main extensor of the elbow?
- ATriceps brachii
- BBrachialis
- CCoracobrachialis
- DBiceps brachii
2.Human anatomyHard
Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
- AIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
- BIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
- CIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
- DIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which ion enters the cell to cause the depolarisation phase of a typical neuronal action potential?
- APotassium (K⁺)
- BSodium (Na⁺)
- CChloride (Cl⁻)
- DCalcium (Ca²⁺)
4.Human physiologyHard
Why can a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning have a normal PaO₂ but severe tissue hypoxia?
- ACO lowers the barometric pressure in the alveoli
- BCO stops oxygen from dissolving in plasma
- CCO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
- DCO blocks diffusion across the alveolar wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What does "diploid" mean?
- AThe cell has one set of chromosomes
- BThe cell has two sets of chromosomes
- CThe cell has no nucleus
- DThe cell can divide only once
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A point mutation changes a codon in the middle of a gene into a stop codon. What is the most likely effect?
- AA shortened protein that usually does not work
- BA protein with one different amino acid
- CA protein that is longer than normal
- DNo change, because stop codons are ignored
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
To which family of organic compounds does ethanol, C₂H₅OH, belong?
- AAlcohols
- BAlkanes
- CCarboxylic acids
- DEsters
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Element A has 1 valence electron and element B has 7 valence electrons, both in period 3. Which statement best compares them?
- ABoth are metalloids
- BA is a nonmetal and B is a metal
- CBoth are unreactive because they are in the same period
- DA is a reactive metal and B is a reactive nonmetal
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Triceps brachii
Why this is the answer
Triceps brachii inserts on the olecranon of the ulna and extends the elbow. Biceps and brachialis are elbow flexors.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
Why this is the answer
The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.
B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Sodium (Na⁺)
Why this is the answer
Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open and Na⁺ rushes in, depolarising the membrane. K⁺ outflow then repolarises it.
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · CO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
Why this is the answer
CO binds haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen and shifts the curve left. Dissolved O₂ (PaO₂) is normal, but total oxygen content and release to tissues drop sharply.
C · CO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The cell has two sets of chromosomes
Why this is the answer
Diploid cells (2n) have two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Haploid cells (n), the gametes, have one set.
B · The cell has two sets of chromosomes
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · A shortened protein that usually does not work
Why this is the answer
The ribosome stops at the new stop codon, so the protein is cut short and usually loses its function. A change to a different amino acid would be a missense mutation.
A · A shortened protein that usually does not work
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Alcohols
Why this is the answer
Ethanol has an –OH group, so it is an alcohol. Names ending in "-ol" signal alcohols, such as methanol and propanol. Ethanol is used in hand sanitisers and as a disinfectant.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · A is a reactive metal and B is a reactive nonmetal
Why this is the answer
Period 3 with 1 valence electron is sodium, a reactive metal; with 7 it is chlorine, a reactive nonmetal. They react with each other to form the ionic compound NaCl.
D · A is a reactive metal and B is a reactive nonmetal
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