1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured, typically after a fall on an outstretched hand?
- AScaphoid
- BHamate
- CLunate
- DPisiform
2.Human anatomyHard
A stroke affecting the left middle cerebral artery in a right-handed person most likely causes:
- ARight-sided weakness and left visual neglect
- BRight-sided weakness and aphasia
- CLeft-sided weakness and aphasia
- DIsolated loss of balance
3.Human physiologyMedium
According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of an arteriole halves, its resistance to flow:
- AIncreases about 16-fold
- BIncreases 4-fold
- CHalves
- DDoubles
4.Human physiologyHard
After several days of persistent vomiting of stomach contents, which acid–base disturbance is most likely?
- ARespiratory acidosis
- BMetabolic acidosis
- CMetabolic alkalosis
- DRespiratory alkalosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which statement describes active transport?
- AIt moves substances down their concentration gradient without using any energy
- BIt happens only in dead cells
- CIt moves only water across the membrane
- DIt uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A scientist wants to show that a particular microbe causes a disease. According to Koch's postulates, which step is needed?
- AThe disease must be treated successfully with antibiotics
- BThe microbe grown from a sick host must cause the disease in a healthy host
- CThe microbe must be found in healthy hosts just as often as in sick hosts
- DThe microbe must be seen in the blood under a light microscope
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What percentage of the mass of water (H₂O, 18 g/mol) is hydrogen (H = 1 g/mol)?
- AAbout 67%
- BAbout 11%
- CAbout 5.6%
- DAbout 89%
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What is the formula of iron(III) chloride?
- AFeCl₂
- BFe₃Cl
- CFe₂Cl₃
- DFeCl₃
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Scaphoid
Why this is the answer
The scaphoid is the most often fractured carpal bone. Tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox is a key clinical sign.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Right-sided weakness and aphasia
Why this is the answer
The left MCA supplies the left motor cortex (face and arm of the right side) and Broca's and Wernicke's areas, so right hemiparesis with aphasia is typical.
B · Right-sided weakness and aphasia
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Increases about 16-fold
Why this is the answer
Resistance is proportional to 1/r⁴, so halving the radius raises resistance by 2⁴ = 16. This is why small changes in arteriole diameter control blood flow so strongly.
A · Increases about 16-fold
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Metabolic alkalosis
Why this is the answer
Vomiting removes HCl, and the stomach's acid secretion leaves bicarbonate in the blood. Volume loss and low potassium help keep the alkalosis going.
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · It uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
Why this is the answer
Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins (pumps) to move substances from low to high concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are passive.
D · It uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The microbe grown from a sick host must cause the disease in a healthy host
Why this is the answer
Koch's postulates require the microbe to be found in sick hosts, grown in pure culture, cause the same disease when given to a healthy host, and be recovered again from that host.
B · The microbe grown from a sick host must cause the disease in a healthy host
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · About 11%
Why this is the answer
One mole of water contains 2 g of hydrogen: 2 ÷ 18 × 100 ≈ 11.1%. Oxygen makes up the other 89% by mass, even though 2 of the 3 atoms are hydrogen.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · FeCl₃
Why this is the answer
Iron(III) means Fe³⁺. Three Cl⁻ ions are needed to balance it, giving FeCl₃. Iron(II) chloride, with Fe²⁺, would be FeCl₂.
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