1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which pulse is felt just behind the medial malleolus of the ankle?
- APosterior tibial artery
- BFibular artery
- CDorsalis pedis artery
- DPopliteal artery
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient cannot abduct the arm beyond about 15° after a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus, and has numbness over the lateral shoulder. Which nerve is most likely injured?
- ARadial nerve
- BSuprascapular nerve
- CAxillary nerve
- DLong thoracic nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
What causes the first heart sound (S1)?
- AClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
- BBlood filling the atria
- CClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- DOpening of the aortic valve
4.Human physiologyHard
Hodgkin and Huxley's classic studies of the ionic basis of the action potential used which preparation?
- AThe squid giant axon
- BThe cat spinal cord
- CCultured human cortical neurons
- DThe frog sciatic nerve–muscle preparation
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Many vitamins act as coenzymes. What does this mean?
- AThey are built into the cell membrane
- BThey help enzymes carry out their reactions
- CThey replace enzymes that have been denatured
- DThey are digested to release large amounts of energy
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Which statement correctly compares DNA replication and transcription?
- AReplication makes RNA from DNA; transcription makes DNA from RNA
- BBoth use thymine and deoxyribose in the new strand
- CReplication copies all the DNA; transcription copies one gene
- DBoth take place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Water can act as an acid in some reactions and as a base in others. What is such a substance called?
- ANeutral
- BSaturated
- CIsotonic
- DAmphoteric
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which of these solutions conducts electricity best?
- ASodium chloride dissolved in water
- BEthanol mixed with water
- CPure distilled water
- DSugar dissolved in water
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Posterior tibial artery
Why this is the answer
The posterior tibial artery passes behind the medial malleolus into the sole. The dorsalis pedis pulse is felt on the top of the foot.
A · Posterior tibial artery
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Axillary nerve
Why this is the answer
The axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus. It supplies deltoid and teres minor and the skin over the lateral shoulder ("regimental badge" area).
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Why this is the answer
S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.
A · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · The squid giant axon
Why this is the answer
The squid giant axon is up to about 1 mm wide, so voltage-clamp electrodes could be inserted. This showed that sodium inflow and potassium outflow produce the action potential.
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · They help enzymes carry out their reactions
Why this is the answer
Coenzymes are small organic molecules, often made from vitamins, that bind to enzymes and help them work. This is why vitamin deficiencies can block important reactions.
B · They help enzymes carry out their reactions
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies one gene
Why this is the answer
Replication uses DNA polymerase to copy the entire genome into DNA before division. Transcription uses RNA polymerase to copy a single gene into RNA, which contains uracil and ribose.
C · Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies one gene
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Amphoteric
Why this is the answer
An amphoteric substance can both donate and accept protons. Water gives up H⁺ when reacting with bases (such as NH₃) and accepts H⁺ when reacting with acids (such as HCl).
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Sodium chloride dissolved in water
Why this is the answer
NaCl dissociates into Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, which carry charge. Sugar and ethanol dissolve as neutral molecules, and pure water has very few ions.
A · Sodium chloride dissolved in water
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