1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which muscle group on the front of the thigh extends the knee?
- AAdductors
- BQuadriceps femoris
- CGluteal muscles
- DHamstrings
2.Human anatomyHard
An ECG shows an infarct in leads II, III and aVF (inferior wall). Which coronary artery is most commonly blocked?
- ALeft main coronary artery
- BFirst diagonal branch
- CLeft anterior descending artery
- DRight coronary artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
Where is the heart's natural pacemaker?
- ASinoatrial node
- BPurkinje fibres
- CBundle of His
- DAtrioventricular node
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- ARaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
- BPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- CThe bronchial arteries become blocked
- DThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
By which process does oxygen enter a cell and carbon dioxide leave it?
- AFacilitated diffusion through glucose carriers
- BActive transport by membrane pumps
- CSimple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
- DEndocytosis in small vesicles
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A farmer's crops grow poorly in soil lacking nitrates. Why do plants need nitrogen?
- ATo make glucose during photosynthesis
- BTo absorb more carbon dioxide through the stomata
- CTo make amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids
- DTo build cellulose cell walls
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
How does electronegativity change going down a group?
- AIt decreases
- BIt increases
- CIt doubles with each period
- DIt stays the same
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
A strip of magnesium is burned in air and the white ash weighs more than the original strip. Why?
- AThe ash absorbed water from the flame
- BMagnesium atoms became heavier when heated
- COxygen from the air has combined with the magnesium
- DMass was created during the reaction
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Quadriceps femoris
Why this is the answer
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris and three vasti) extends the knee through the patellar ligament. The hamstrings flex it.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Right coronary artery
Why this is the answer
The inferior wall is usually supplied by the right coronary artery through the posterior descending artery (right-dominant circulation), so inferior infarcts are mostly RCA occlusions.
D · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Sinoatrial node
Why this is the answer
The SA node depolarises spontaneously at the fastest rate and sets the heart rhythm. The AV node delays the impulse before it spreads to the ventricles.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
A · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
Why this is the answer
O₂ and CO₂ are small, nonpolar molecules that pass directly through the lipid bilayer from high to low concentration. No carrier protein and no energy are needed.
C · Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · To make amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids
Why this is the answer
Nitrogen is part of every amino acid and every nucleotide base. Without enough nitrate, plants cannot make enough protein and DNA for growth. Glucose and cellulose contain no nitrogen.
C · To make amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · It decreases
Why this is the answer
Going down a group, the outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and more shielded, so the atom attracts bonding electrons less strongly. Electronegativity decreases.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Oxygen from the air has combined with the magnesium
Why this is the answer
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO. The ash includes oxygen atoms taken from the air, so it weighs more than the magnesium alone. In a closed system, total mass would not change.
C · Oxygen from the air has combined with the magnesium
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