1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?
- AThoracic and sacral
- BCervical and thoracic
- CCervical and lumbar
- DThoracic and lumbar
2.Human anatomyHard
After axillary lymph node surgery, a patient's scapula sticks out from the chest wall when pushing against a wall. Which nerve has been damaged?
- AAxillary nerve
- BSuprascapular nerve
- CLong thoracic nerve
- DThoracodorsal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of an arteriole halves, its resistance to flow:
- ADoubles
- BHalves
- CIncreases 4-fold
- DIncreases about 16-fold
4.Human physiologyHard
In long-standing aortic stenosis, how does the left ventricle adapt?
- AThinning of the wall with dilation
- BAtrophy of the muscle due to less work
- CNo change because the valve is not part of the ventricle
- DConcentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
How many chromosomes does a normal human egg cell contain?
- A23
- B46
- C22
- D92
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Which parent's gamete decides the biological sex of a human baby, and why?
- AThe mother's, because an egg carries either an X or a Y
- BBoth equally, because each gives one Y chromosome
- CThe father's, because a sperm carries either an X or a Y
- DThe mother's, because she gives two X chromosomes
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A reaction is at equilibrium. More of one reactant is added. According to Le Chatelier's principle, what happens?
- AThe equilibrium shifts toward the reactants
- BThe equilibrium shifts toward the products
- CNothing changes
- DThe reaction stops completely
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Ethene has the structure H₂C=CH₂. How many electrons are shared between the two carbon atoms?
- A8
- B6
- C2
- D4
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Cervical and lumbar
Why this is the answer
The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Long thoracic nerve
Why this is the answer
The long thoracic nerve supplies serratus anterior, which holds the scapula against the chest wall. Damage causes a winged scapula.
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Increases about 16-fold
Why this is the answer
Resistance is proportional to 1/r⁴, so halving the radius raises resistance by 2⁴ = 16. This is why small changes in arteriole diameter control blood flow so strongly.
D · Increases about 16-fold
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Concentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
Why this is the answer
Pressure overload makes the ventricular wall thicken (concentric hypertrophy) to keep wall stress normal. Volume overload, as in regurgitation, causes dilation instead.
D · Concentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 23
Why this is the answer
Meiosis halves the chromosome number, so eggs and sperm have 23 chromosomes. Fertilisation restores 46.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The father's, because a sperm carries either an X or a Y
Why this is the answer
A mother (XX) can only give an X. A father (XY) makes sperm with either X or Y. An X sperm gives a girl (XX) and a Y sperm a boy (XY), so each pregnancy has about a 50% chance of each.
C · The father's, because a sperm carries either an X or a Y
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The equilibrium shifts toward the products
Why this is the answer
Le Chatelier's principle: a system at equilibrium shifts to oppose a change. Adding reactant is opposed by making more product.
B · The equilibrium shifts toward the products
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 4
Why this is the answer
The two carbons are joined by a double bond, which is two shared pairs, so 4 electrons. Each carbon also forms two single bonds to hydrogen, giving 4 bonds per carbon.
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