1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
In which structure do sperm mature and get stored after leaving the testis?
- AProstate gland
- BEpididymis
- CSeminal vesicle
- DSeminiferous tubules
2.Human anatomyHard
Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
- AIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
- BIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
- CIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
- DIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by:
- AStroke volume
- BPeripheral resistance
- CBlood pressure
- DEjection fraction
4.Human physiologyHard
Which adaptation develops over days to weeks at high altitude?
- AHigher erythropoietin levels and more red blood cells
- BA fall in haematocrit
- CIncreased renal bicarbonate retention
- DLower ventilation to save oxygen
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, and all offspring have pink flowers. What does this show?
- AComplete dominance
- BA sex-linked trait
- CIncomplete dominance
- DCodominance
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A single-celled microbe has a nucleus and a cell wall made of chitin, and it reproduces by budding. What is it most likely to be?
- AAn amoeba
- BA yeast
- CA bacterium
- DA virus
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Magnesium forms Mg²⁺ ions and oxygen forms O²⁻ ions. What is the formula of magnesium oxide?
- AMg₂O
- BMgO₂
- CMgO
- DMg₂O₂
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Haemoglobin binds oxygen reversibly: Hb + O₂ ⇌ HbO₂. How does this equilibrium help deliver oxygen to tissues?
- AHigh O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, absorbing oxygen
- BThe equilibrium does not change anywhere in the body
- CLow O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, releasing oxygen
- DLow O₂ in tissues shifts it to the right, releasing oxygen
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Epididymis
Why this is the answer
Sperm are made in the seminiferous tubules and then mature and are stored in the epididymis before passing into the ductus deferens.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
Why this is the answer
The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.
A · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Stroke volume
Why this is the answer
CO = HR × SV. At rest about 70 beats/min × 70 mL ≈ 5 L/min.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Higher erythropoietin levels and more red blood cells
Why this is the answer
Hypoxia stimulates EPO and red cell production, raising oxygen-carrying capacity. Hyperventilation causes alkalosis, which the kidneys compensate by excreting bicarbonate.
A · Higher erythropoietin levels and more red blood cells
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Incomplete dominance
Why this is the answer
In incomplete dominance the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. In codominance both traits would show fully, for example red and white patches.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · A yeast
Why this is the answer
A nucleus shows it is eukaryotic, and a chitin wall points to a fungus. Yeasts are single-celled fungi that often reproduce by budding. Bacteria lack a nucleus, viruses are not cells, and amoebae have no cell wall.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · MgO
Why this is the answer
One Mg²⁺ (2+) balances one O²⁻ (2−), so the formula is MgO. Mg₂O₂ has the right ratio but formulas of ionic compounds use the simplest ratio.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Low O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, releasing oxygen
Why this is the answer
In the lungs, high O₂ pushes the equilibrium right, loading haemoglobin. In active tissues O₂ is low, so the equilibrium shifts left and HbO₂ releases its oxygen.
C · Low O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, releasing oxygen
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