1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordination and balance?
- AThalamus
- BHypothalamus
- CCerebellum
- DMedulla oblongata
2.Human anatomyHard
Which structure passes through the inguinal canal in males?
- AGreat saphenous vein
- BSpermatic cord
- CFemoral artery
- DObturator nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
The hormone secretin is released when acid enters the duodenum. What is its main effect?
- AInsulin release from the endocrine pancreas
- BBicarbonate secretion from the pancreas
- CContraction of the gallbladder
- DAcid secretion from the stomach
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?
- AThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂
- BShunted blood is already fully saturated
- CThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
- DPure oxygen damages haemoglobin
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which bond joins amino acids together in a protein?
- AHydrogen bond between bases
- BEster bond
- CGlycosidic bond
- DPeptide bond
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a faulty CFTR protein, which forms a chloride channel in the cell membrane. Which process is directly affected?
- AProduction of ATP in the mitochondria
- BDiffusion of oxygen molecules through the lipid bilayer
- CCopying of DNA in the nucleus
- DMovement of chloride ions through a membrane protein
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the formula of the hydroxide ion?
- AO²⁻
- BOH⁻
- COH⁺
- DH₃O⁺
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
2090 J of heat is added to 50 g of water (specific heat 4.18 J/g·°C). By how much does its temperature rise?
- A10 °C
- B5 °C
- C41.8 °C
- D20 °C
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Cerebellum
Why this is the answer
The cerebellum fine-tunes movement, posture and balance. Damage causes ataxia and an unsteady gait.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Spermatic cord
Why this is the answer
The inguinal canal carries the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. The femoral vessels pass below the inguinal ligament instead.
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas
Why this is the answer
Secretin stimulates pancreatic duct cells to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid, which neutralises acidic chyme so intestinal enzymes can work.
B · Bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
Why this is the answer
Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.
C · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Peptide bond
Why this is the answer
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis. Glycosidic bonds link sugars, ester bonds are found in fats.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Movement of chloride ions through a membrane protein
Why this is the answer
The CFTR protein lets chloride ions cross the membrane. When it is faulty, chloride and water movement is reduced, so secretions such as airway mucus become thick and sticky.
D · Movement of chloride ions through a membrane protein
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · OH⁻
Why this is the answer
Hydroxide is OH⁻, one oxygen and one hydrogen with a 1− charge. H₃O⁺ is the hydronium ion found in acidic solutions.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 10 °C
Why this is the answer
ΔT = q ÷ (m × c) = 2090 ÷ (50 × 4.18) = 2090 ÷ 209 = 10 °C.
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