1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?
- AExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
- BInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
- CJugular and vertebral systems
- DLeft and right external carotid arteries
2.Human anatomyHard
A pituitary tumour grows upwards and causes loss of both outer (temporal) halves of the visual field. Where is the visual pathway compressed?
- AOptic chiasm
- BLeft optic tract
- CRight optic nerve
- DOccipital cortex
3.Human physiologyMedium
Low plasma albumin, as in severe liver disease, causes oedema mainly because:
- AThe capillaries become impermeable
- BLymphatic drainage increases
- CPlasma oncotic pressure falls
- DCapillary hydrostatic pressure falls
4.Human physiologyHard
In Graves' disease, what thyroid function results are expected and why?
- AHigh T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
- BHigh T4 and high TSH, because the anterior pituitary gland is overactive
- CLow T4 and high TSH, because antibodies destroy the gland
- DLow T4 and low TSH, because the hypothalamus fails
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
When is DNA copied in the cell cycle?
- AOnly during meiosis II
- BIn the S phase of interphase
- CDuring cytokinesis
- DDuring metaphase of mitosis
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A human body cell has 46 chromosomes in G1. How many chromatids does it have at metaphase of mitosis?
- A23
- B92
- C46
- D184
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A reaction is at equilibrium. More of one reactant is added. According to Le Chatelier's principle, what happens?
- AThe equilibrium shifts toward the reactants
- BThe equilibrium shifts toward the products
- CThe reaction stops completely
- DNothing changes
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. What are the products?
- AAn alkane and oxygen
- BAn amino acid and carbon dioxide
- CAn ester and water
- DA salt and hydrogen
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
Why this is the answer
The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.
B · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Optic chiasm
Why this is the answer
Bitemporal hemianopia results from compression of the crossing nasal fibres at the optic chiasm, which lies directly above the pituitary gland.
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Plasma oncotic pressure falls
Why this is the answer
Albumin generates most of the plasma oncotic pressure that pulls fluid back into capillaries. When it falls, more fluid stays in the tissues.
C · Plasma oncotic pressure falls
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
Why this is the answer
TSH-receptor antibodies stimulate the thyroid independently of TSH. The resulting high T4 and T3 suppress pituitary TSH by negative feedback.
A · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · In the S phase of interphase
Why this is the answer
DNA replication happens in the S phase, before mitosis begins, so each chromosome enters mitosis as two sister chromatids.
B · In the S phase of interphase
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 92
Why this is the answer
After S phase each of the 46 chromosomes is made of two sister chromatids, so there are 92 chromatids at metaphase. They separate in anaphase, giving each daughter cell 46 chromosomes.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The equilibrium shifts toward the products
Why this is the answer
Le Chatelier's principle: a system at equilibrium shifts to oppose a change. Adding reactant is opposed by making more product.
B · The equilibrium shifts toward the products
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · An ester and water
Why this is the answer
Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water. Esters give many fruits and perfumes their smells; fats are also esters of glycerol and fatty acids.
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