1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which superficial vein in the front of the elbow is most often used for venepuncture?
- AAxillary vein
- BBrachial vein
- CGreat saphenous vein
- DMedian cubital vein
2.Human anatomyHard
What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through after leaving the collecting ducts?
- AMajor calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- BRenal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
- CMinor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- DMinor calyx, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureter
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why does glucose appear in the urine in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?
- AThe collecting duct actively secretes glucose
- BThe glomerulus stops filtering glucose
- CThe filtered load exceeds the tubular transport maximum
- DInsulin is needed for glucose reabsorption in the tubule
4.Human physiologyHard
Spirometry shows reduced FEV1 and reduced FVC, with a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio. What pattern is this?
- AAn obstructive pattern, as in emphysema or chronic bronchitis
- BAn obstructive pattern, as in asthma
- CA normal result in an older adult
- DA restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
How does facilitated diffusion differ from active transport?
- AIt works without any membrane proteins
- BIt moves only water and no other substances
- CIt needs no energy and moves substances down their gradient
- DIt needs ATP and moves substances against their gradient
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why is ATP described as an energy carrier rather than a long-term energy store?
- ACells hold only a little and constantly recycle it from ADP
- BATP can be made only in plants
- CATP contains no energy in its bonds, so it cannot be stored
- DATP is stored in large amounts in fat tissue
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What are hydrogen bonds?
- ACovalent bonds between two hydrogen atoms in H₂
- BIonic bonds between hydrogen ions and metals
- CAttractions between a hydrogen on one molecule and an O, N or F atom on another
- DBonds inside the nucleus of hydrogen
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Sugar is heated in a pan. Which observation shows that a chemical change, not just a physical change, has happened?
- AIt melts into a clear, runny liquid that sets again when it cools
- BIt turns black and gives off water vapour, leaving a solid that is no longer sweet
- CThe crystals become smaller when crushed
- DIt gets hot to the touch
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Median cubital vein
Why this is the answer
The median cubital vein crosses the cubital fossa between the cephalic and basilic veins. It is superficial, large and fairly fixed, so it is easy to puncture.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Why this is the answer
Collecting ducts open at the renal papillae into minor calyces, which join to form major calyces, which empty into the renal pelvis and then the ureter.
C · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · The filtered load exceeds the tubular transport maximum
Why this is the answer
Proximal tubule SGLT carriers can reabsorb only so much glucose. When plasma glucose is high, the filtered load exceeds this maximum and the excess is excreted.
C · The filtered load exceeds the tubular transport maximum
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
Why this is the answer
In restrictive disease the lungs are small or stiff, so both FEV1 and FVC fall but the ratio is preserved. Obstruction lowers FEV1 more than FVC.
D · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · It needs no energy and moves substances down their gradient
Why this is the answer
Both use membrane proteins, but facilitated diffusion is passive: substances move from high to low concentration without ATP. Active transport uses energy to move substances from low to high concentration.
C · It needs no energy and moves substances down their gradient
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Cells hold only a little and constantly recycle it from ADP
Why this is the answer
Cells keep only a small amount of ATP and remake it all the time from ADP and phosphate using energy from respiration. Long-term energy is stored as glycogen and fat.
A · Cells hold only a little and constantly recycle it from ADP
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Attractions between a hydrogen on one molecule and an O, N or F atom on another
Why this is the answer
A hydrogen bond is a fairly strong attraction between molecules, not a bond within one. It explains water's high boiling point and holds DNA's base pairs together.
C · Attractions between a hydrogen on one molecule and an O, N or F atom on another
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · It turns black and gives off water vapour, leaving a solid that is no longer sweet
Why this is the answer
Melting, heating and crushing do not change what the substance is. Charring produces carbon and water, new substances with different properties, so a chemical change has occurred.
B · It turns black and gives off water vapour, leaving a solid that is no longer sweet
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