1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which artery supplies most of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the front of the interventricular septum?
- APosterior descending artery
- BCircumflex artery
- CLeft anterior descending artery
- DRight coronary artery
2.Human anatomyHard
A blow to the side of the head at the pterion causes an extradural haematoma. Which vessel is usually torn?
- ASuperficial temporal artery
- BMiddle cerebral artery
- CBridging cerebral veins
- DMiddle meningeal artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
What causes the first heart sound (S1)?
- ABlood filling the atria
- BClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- CClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
- DOpening of the aortic valve
4.Human physiologyHard
In long-standing aortic stenosis, how does the left ventricle adapt?
- AThinning of the wall with dilation
- BNo change because the valve is not part of the ventricle
- CAtrophy of the muscle due to less work
- DConcentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
- AIt brings single amino acids to the ribosome
- BIt carries the code from DNA to the ribosome
- CIt stores genetic information in the nucleus
- DIt forms part of the ribosome and helps join amino acids
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
During meiosis, a pair of chromosomes fails to separate. What can result?
- AGametes with exactly twice as many genes on each chromosome
- BGametes that cannot contain any DNA
- CGametes that are genetically identical to the parent cell
- DGametes with an extra or a missing chromosome
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the formula of the hydroxide ion?
- AO²⁻
- BOH⁺
- CH₃O⁺
- DOH⁻
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Ammonia (NH₃) has three bonding pairs and one lone pair on nitrogen. What is its shape?
- ALinear
- BFlat triangle (trigonal planar)
- CTrigonal pyramidal
- DTetrahedral
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Left anterior descending artery
Why this is the answer
The left anterior descending (anterior interventricular) artery supplies the anterior left ventricle and the anterior two thirds of the septum. Its blockage causes an anterior infarct.
C · Left anterior descending artery
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Middle meningeal artery
Why this is the answer
The middle meningeal artery lies under the pterion, where the skull is thin. Its rupture bleeds between bone and dura. Bridging veins cause subdural haematomas.
D · Middle meningeal artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Why this is the answer
S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.
C · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Concentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
Why this is the answer
Pressure overload makes the ventricular wall thicken (concentric hypertrophy) to keep wall stress normal. Volume overload, as in regurgitation, causes dilation instead.
D · Concentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · It forms part of the ribosome and helps join amino acids
Why this is the answer
rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes and helps catalyse the peptide bonds between amino acids. mRNA carries the code, and tRNA brings the amino acids.
D · It forms part of the ribosome and helps join amino acids
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Gametes with an extra or a missing chromosome
Why this is the answer
Nondisjunction gives gametes with n + 1 or n − 1 chromosomes. Fertilisation can then give trisomy, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
D · Gametes with an extra or a missing chromosome
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · OH⁻
Why this is the answer
Hydroxide is OH⁻, one oxygen and one hydrogen with a 1− charge. H₃O⁺ is the hydronium ion found in acidic solutions.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Trigonal pyramidal
Why this is the answer
The four electron pairs point roughly tetrahedrally, but shape is described by the atoms only. With one corner taken by a lone pair, the N and three H atoms form a pyramid.
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