1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
- AVagus nerve
- BIntercostal nerves
- CAccessory nerve
- DPhrenic nerve
2.Human anatomyHard
An indirect inguinal hernia enters the inguinal canal at which point?
- AThrough the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
- BBelow the inguinal ligament, through the femoral canal
- CThrough the posterior wall of the canal, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
- DThrough the superficial ring only, without entering the canal
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which ABO blood group has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma?
- AGroup B
- BGroup AB
- CGroup A
- DGroup O
4.Human physiologyHard
In Otto Loewi's classic experiment, fluid from a vagus-stimulated frog heart slowed a second heart. What did this show?
- ANerves pass signals to their targets by releasing a chemical
- BNerve impulses spread through the fluid directly as electricity
- CThe heart beats without any nerve supply
- DThe vagus nerve speeds up the heart
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A student's hypothesis is "Salt water slows the growth of bean seedlings." Which is a prediction based on it?
- ASeedlings given salt water will grow less than those given plain water
- BSeedlings given plain water will die within a week
- CSalt water is made of sodium chloride and water
- DBean seedlings need sunlight and water to grow well
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A breastfed baby receives antibodies from its mother's milk. Why does this protection last only a short time?
- AThe antibodies from breast milk attack the baby's own red blood cells
- BThe baby did not make these antibodies and forms no memory cells
- CThe antibodies turn into memory cells after a few weeks
- DThe baby's stomach makes the antibodies more active
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Water can act as an acid in some reactions and as a base in others. What is such a substance called?
- ASaturated
- BNeutral
- CIsotonic
- DAmphoteric
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Haemoglobin binds oxygen reversibly: Hb + O₂ ⇌ HbO₂. How does this equilibrium help deliver oxygen to tissues?
- AHigh O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, absorbing oxygen
- BLow O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, releasing oxygen
- CLow O₂ in tissues shifts it to the right, releasing oxygen
- DThe equilibrium does not change anywhere in the body
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Phrenic nerve
Why this is the answer
The phrenic nerve (roots C3–C5) is the motor supply to the diaphragm. High cervical cord injury above C3 therefore stops spontaneous breathing.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
Why this is the answer
An indirect hernia passes through the deep ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, and runs along the canal. A direct hernia pushes through the posterior wall medial to them.
A · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Group O
Why this is the answer
Group O people have no A or B antigens and make both anti-A and anti-B. Group AB has both antigens and neither antibody.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Nerves pass signals to their targets by releasing a chemical
Why this is the answer
The fluid carried "Vagusstoff", later identified as acetylcholine. This was the first clear evidence for chemical neurotransmission.
A · Nerves pass signals to their targets by releasing a chemical
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Seedlings given salt water will grow less than those given plain water
Why this is the answer
A prediction states the expected result if the hypothesis is correct, often as "if ... then ...". Comparing salt-water and plain-water seedlings tests the hypothesis directly.
A · Seedlings given salt water will grow less than those given plain water
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The baby did not make these antibodies and forms no memory cells
Why this is the answer
In passive immunity, ready-made antibodies are received from another source. They are gradually broken down, and since the baby's own immune system did not respond, no memory cells form. Active immunity, from infection or vaccination, lasts longer.
B · The baby did not make these antibodies and forms no memory cells
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Amphoteric
Why this is the answer
An amphoteric substance can both donate and accept protons. Water gives up H⁺ when reacting with bases (such as NH₃) and accepts H⁺ when reacting with acids (such as HCl).
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Low O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, releasing oxygen
Why this is the answer
In the lungs, high O₂ pushes the equilibrium right, loading haemoglobin. In active tissues O₂ is low, so the equilibrium shifts left and HbO₂ releases its oxygen.
B · Low O₂ in tissues shifts it to the left, releasing oxygen
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