1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?
- AC5 to T1
- BT1 to T5
- CC1 to C4
- DC3 to C7
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient cannot abduct the arm beyond about 15° after a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus, and has numbness over the lateral shoulder. Which nerve is most likely injured?
- AAxillary nerve
- BRadial nerve
- CSuprascapular nerve
- DLong thoracic nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?
- A6.80 to 7.00
- B7.50 to 7.65
- C7.35 to 7.45
- D7.00 to 7.20
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?
- AType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
- BEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
- CType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
- DKetones are only made in children
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why are G–C base pairs held together more strongly than A–T pairs?
- AA–T pairs are found only in RNA
- BG–C pairs are joined by strong covalent bonds instead of hydrogen bonds
- CG and C are both purines, so they fit more tightly
- DG–C pairs form three hydrogen bonds, and A–T pairs form two
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A man with an X-linked recessive disorder (XʰY) has children with a woman who has two normal alleles (XᴴXᴴ). What is expected among their children?
- AAll sons are affected, and no daughters are carriers
- BAll daughters are affected, and all sons are carriers
- CAll daughters are carriers, and no sons are affected
- DHalf of the sons and half of the daughters are affected
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which coefficients balance __N₂ + __H₂ → __NH₃?
- A2, 3, 2
- B1, 3, 1
- C1, 1, 1
- D1, 3, 2
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which pair of substances could form a buffer solution?
- AHydrochloric acid (HCl) and chloride (Cl⁻)
- BCarbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
- CSodium chloride (NaCl) and water
- DHydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · C5 to T1
Why this is the answer
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. It gives rise to the main nerves of the arm.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Axillary nerve
Why this is the answer
The axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus. It supplies deltoid and teres minor and the skin over the lateral shoulder ("regimental badge" area).
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · 7.35 to 7.45
Why this is the answer
Arterial pH is normally 7.35–7.45. Below 7.35 is acidaemia and above 7.45 alkalaemia.
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
Why this is the answer
Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.
B · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · G–C pairs form three hydrogen bonds, and A–T pairs form two
Why this is the answer
G–C pairs form three hydrogen bonds and A–T pairs form two. DNA rich in G–C therefore needs more energy (a higher temperature) to separate the strands.
D · G–C pairs form three hydrogen bonds, and A–T pairs form two
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · All daughters are carriers, and no sons are affected
Why this is the answer
Every daughter gets the father's Xʰ and the mother's Xᴴ, so all daughters are carriers. Every son gets the father's Y and the mother's Xᴴ, so sons are unaffected.
C · All daughters are carriers, and no sons are affected
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 1, 3, 2
Why this is the answer
N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃: 2 N and 6 H on each side. This is the reaction used to make ammonia.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
Why this is the answer
A buffer contains a weak acid and its conjugate base, which can absorb added base or acid. H₂CO₃/HCO₃⁻ is the main buffer in blood. HCl is a strong acid, so Cl⁻ cannot pick up H⁺ well enough to buffer.
B · Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
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