1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle?
- APericardium
- BEpicardium
- CMyocardium
- DEndocardium
2.Human anatomyHard
Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
- AIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
- BIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
- CIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
- DIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the heart?
- AIt increases ventricular contractility strongly
- BIt slows the heart rate
- CIt increases the heart rate
- DIt constricts the coronary arteries
4.Human physiologyHard
In primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), which combination is expected?
- ALow sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
- BHigh sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
- CHigh sodium, low potassium and low ACTH
- DLow sodium, low potassium and low ACTH
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which body system works with the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to body cells?
- AThe skeletal system
- BThe digestive system
- CThe circulatory system
- DThe urinary system
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Pepsin works in the stomach, where the pH is about 2. What would happen to its activity in the small intestine, where the pH is about 8?
- AIt would rise, because enzymes prefer alkaline conditions
- BIt would turn into a different enzyme that digests fat
- CIt would drop, because the pH is far from its optimum
- DIt would not change, because pH does not affect enzymes
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
How does ionisation energy (the energy needed to remove an outer electron) generally change from left to right across a period?
- AIt decreases
- BIt stays the same
- CIt first falls, then rises sharply
- DIt increases
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Many ethene (C₂H₄) molecules join together to form poly(ethene), a plastic. What type of reaction is this?
- AHydrolysis, in which water breaks each monomer apart
- BAddition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
- CCombustion, in which ethene reacts with oxygen
- DCondensation polymerisation, in which a water molecule is released at each new link
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Myocardium
Why this is the answer
The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer. The endocardium lines the chambers and the epicardium covers the outside.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
Why this is the answer
The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.
B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · It slows the heart rate
Why this is the answer
The vagus releases acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the SA and AV nodes, slowing pacemaker firing and AV conduction.
B · It slows the heart rate
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Low sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
Why this is the answer
Loss of aldosterone causes sodium loss and potassium retention. Low cortisol removes negative feedback, so ACTH rises and can cause skin pigmentation.
A · Low sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The circulatory system
Why this is the answer
The lungs load oxygen into the blood, and the heart and blood vessels of the circulatory system carry it to the cells. The same systems bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
C · The circulatory system
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · It would drop, because the pH is far from its optimum
Why this is the answer
Away from its optimum pH, an enzyme's active site changes shape and activity falls. Pepsin is adapted to the acid stomach, not the alkaline intestine.
C · It would drop, because the pH is far from its optimum
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · It increases
Why this is the answer
Across a period the nuclear charge rises while the shell stays the same, so electrons are held more tightly and are harder to remove. Ionisation energy therefore increases.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Addition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
Why this is the answer
In addition polymerisation, the C=C double bond in each monomer opens and the monomers join into a long chain with nothing else formed. Condensation polymers, such as proteins, release water.
B · Addition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
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