1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
- AMitral (bicuspid) valve
- BAortic valve
- CTricuspid valve
- DPulmonary valve
2.Human anatomyHard
Which structure is found in the posterior mediastinum?
- AOesophagus
- BAscending aorta
- CHeart
- DThymus
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
- AChief cells
- BParietal cells
- CGoblet cells
- DG cells
4.Human physiologyHard
After a head injury, a patient passes large volumes of very dilute urine and plasma sodium rises. What is the most likely cause?
- AExcess aldosterone
- BExcess ADH release (SIADH)
- CLack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
- DUncontrolled diabetes mellitus
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A patient's heart rate is measured four times: 70, 72, 74 and 80 beats per minute. What is the mean?
- A73 beats per minute
- B74 beats per minute
- C80 beats per minute
- D72 beats per minute
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Bacteria from hot springs have enzymes that work best at about 80 °C, while most human enzymes work best near 37 °C. What is the best explanation?
- ATheir enzymes have structures that stay stable at high temperatures
- BHigh temperature never affects any enzyme
- CTheir enzymes do not have an active site, so heat cannot affect them
- DTheir enzymes are made of lipids, not proteins
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which kind of reaction is Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂?
- ADecomposition
- BSingle replacement
- CSynthesis
- DDouble replacement
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Burning a match is strongly exothermic, so why does it not catch fire until it is struck?
- AStriking pushes extra oxygen into the chemicals of the match head
- BThe match must first absorb all its energy from the air
- CStriking supplies the activation energy to start the reaction
- DStriking makes the reaction endothermic
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Why this is the answer
The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the tricuspid valve does the same on the right side.
A · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Oesophagus
Why this is the answer
The posterior mediastinum contains the oesophagus, descending aorta, azygos veins and thoracic duct. The heart and ascending aorta are in the middle mediastinum; the thymus is in the superior and anterior mediastinum.
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Parietal cells
Why this is the answer
Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and G cells secrete gastrin.
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Lack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
Why this is the answer
Without ADH the collecting ducts stay impermeable to water, so dilute urine is produced and the patient loses free water, raising plasma sodium.
C · Lack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 74 beats per minute
Why this is the answer
70 + 72 + 74 + 80 = 296, and 296 ÷ 4 = 74 beats per minute.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Their enzymes have structures that stay stable at high temperatures
Why this is the answer
Each enzyme's optimum suits its environment. Enzymes from heat-loving microbes have extra bonds and interactions that keep their shape at high temperatures. One such enzyme is used in PCR.
A · Their enzymes have structures that stay stable at high temperatures
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Single replacement
Why this is the answer
Zinc replaces hydrogen in HCl: A + BC → AC + B, a single replacement reaction.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Striking supplies the activation energy to start the reaction
Why this is the answer
The friction from striking provides the activation energy. Once started, the heat released keeps the reaction going. A large activation energy is why fuels are stable in air until ignited.
C · Striking supplies the activation energy to start the reaction
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