1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which of these organs is retroperitoneal?
- ASpleen
- BTransverse colon
- CKidney
- DStomach
2.Human anatomyHard
Early appendicitis is often felt as vague pain around the umbilicus. Why?
- AThe appendix lies directly behind the umbilicus
- BInflammation spreads first to the abdominal wall at the navel region
- CIts visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
- DThe phrenic nerve carries the pain to the umbilicus
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which ABO blood group has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma?
- AGroup O
- BGroup A
- CGroup AB
- DGroup B
4.Human physiologyHard
Why can a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning have a normal PaO₂ but severe tissue hypoxia?
- ACO lowers the barometric pressure in the alveoli
- BCO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
- CCO stops oxygen from dissolving in plasma
- DCO blocks diffusion across the alveolar wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Salivary amylase begins the digestion of which nutrient in the mouth?
- AStarch
- BProtein
- CFat
- DCellulose
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Liver cells take in cholesterol-carrying LDL particles only after the particles bind to specific proteins on the cell surface. Which process is this?
- ASimple diffusion
- BPinocytosis of extracellular fluid
- CExocytosis
- DReceptor-mediated endocytosis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A student tests how temperature affects the rate of a reaction. What is the independent variable?
- AThe volume of acid, which is kept the same
- BThe temperature
- CThe reaction rate
- DThe type of beaker used
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Uranium-238 (atomic number 92) undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed?
- APlutonium-242 (atomic number 94)
- BProtactinium-234 (atomic number 91)
- CThorium-238 (atomic number 90)
- DThorium-234 (atomic number 90)
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Kidney
Why this is the answer
The kidneys lie behind the parietal peritoneum. The stomach, spleen and transverse colon are intraperitoneal and have a mesentery or ligaments.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Its visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
Why this is the answer
Visceral pain from midgut structures is referred to the T10 dermatome around the umbilicus. When the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed, pain localises to the right iliac fossa.
C · Its visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Group O
Why this is the answer
Group O people have no A or B antigens and make both anti-A and anti-B. Group AB has both antigens and neither antibody.
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · CO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
Why this is the answer
CO binds haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen and shifts the curve left. Dissolved O₂ (PaO₂) is normal, but total oxygen content and release to tissues drop sharply.
B · CO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Starch
Why this is the answer
Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller sugars such as maltose, which is why chewed bread tastes sweeter. Pancreatic amylase continues the process in the small intestine.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Why this is the answer
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, the substance binds to specific receptors, and that part of the membrane folds in to form a vesicle. Pinocytosis takes in fluid without such specificity, and exocytosis releases material.
D · Receptor-mediated endocytosis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The temperature
Why this is the answer
The independent variable is the one deliberately changed (temperature). The dependent variable is what is measured (rate). Variables kept the same, such as acid volume, are controlled variables.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Thorium-234 (atomic number 90)
Why this is the answer
Mass number: 238 − 4 = 234. Atomic number: 92 − 2 = 90, which is thorium. So ²³⁸U → ²³⁴Th + ⁴He.
D · Thorium-234 (atomic number 90)
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