1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle?
- AEndocardium
- BEpicardium
- CMyocardium
- DPericardium
2.Human anatomyHard
After an injury at the medial epicondyle of the elbow, a patient has numbness of the little finger and weakness of finger abduction. Which nerve is affected?
- AUlnar nerve
- BRadial nerve
- CMusculocutaneous nerve
- DMedian nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
In skeletal muscle, where does most of the calcium for contraction come from?
- AThe sarcoplasmic reticulum
- BThe mitochondria
- CThe nucleus
- DThe extracellular fluid
4.Human physiologyHard
Constriction of the efferent arteriole of a glomerulus, with the afferent arteriole unchanged, tends to:
- AStop filtration completely
- BLower glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- CRaise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- DHave no effect on GFR at all
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A woman with blood type O has a child with a man of type AB. Which blood types can their children have?
- AO or AB
- BA, B, AB or O
- CO only
- DA or B
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Which change would make diffusion across a membrane faster?
- AA smaller surface area for exchange
- BA thicker membrane
- CA larger difference in concentration between the two sides
- DA lower temperature on both sides
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why does oxygen move from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood?
- AOxygen is pumped actively into the blood
- BThe partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood
- COxygen is heavier than carbon dioxide
- DThe partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the blood than in the alveoli
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which statement correctly distinguishes a scientific law from a scientific theory?
- ALaws apply only to chemistry, theories only to biology
- BA theory becomes a law once it is proved
- CA law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
- DA law is only a guess, while a theory is a proven fact
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Myocardium
Why this is the answer
The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer. The endocardium lines the chambers and the epicardium covers the outside.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Ulnar nerve
Why this is the answer
The ulnar nerve passes behind the medial epicondyle. It supplies most intrinsic hand muscles, including the interossei, and the skin of the little finger.
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Why this is the answer
Depolarisation of the T-tubules opens ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing stored calcium into the cytoplasm.
A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Why this is the answer
Efferent constriction holds blood in the glomerulus, raising its pressure and GFR. Angiotensin II acts this way, which is why ACE inhibitors can lower GFR.
C · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · A or B
Why this is the answer
The mother is ii and the father is IᴬIᴮ. Children are either Iᴬi (type A) or Iᴮi (type B). None can be type O or type AB.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · A larger difference in concentration between the two sides
Why this is the answer
Diffusion is faster with a steeper concentration gradient, a higher temperature, a larger surface area and a thinner barrier.
C · A larger difference in concentration between the two sides
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood
Why this is the answer
Each gas diffuses down its own partial pressure gradient. Alveolar air has a higher oxygen partial pressure than blood arriving at the lungs, so O₂ diffuses in, while CO₂ diffuses the other way.
B · The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
Why this is the answer
A law summarises a consistent pattern, often as a rule or equation (mass is conserved). A theory is a well-tested explanation of why (atoms are rearranged, not created). Theories do not turn into laws.
C · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
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