1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- ABronchial arteries
- BPulmonary veins
- CVenae cavae
- DPulmonary arteries
2.Human anatomyHard
Why does an inhaled foreign body more often lodge in the right main bronchus than the left?
- AThe right bronchus is narrower and more horizontal
- BThe right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical
- CThe right lung has stronger airflow due to the heart's position
- DThe left bronchus is closed by the epiglottis
3.Human physiologyMedium
Where is the heart's natural pacemaker?
- ABundle of His
- BPurkinje fibres
- CSinoatrial node
- DAtrioventricular node
4.Human physiologyHard
At the start of a fever, a patient shivers and feels cold even though body temperature is rising. Why?
- APyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature
- BThe thermoreceptors in the skin are destroyed
- CSweating has already cooled the body too much
- DThe body has lost its ability to produce heat
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) are crossed. What is the expected genotype ratio?
- A1 AA : 1 aa
- B1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
- C2 AA : 1 Aa : 1 aa
- D3 AA : 1 aa
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A plant is kept in the dark to use up its starch. One leaf is then sealed in a bag with a chemical that absorbs CO₂, and the plant is placed in light. Later, that leaf has no starch, but the other leaves do. What does this show?
- AChlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis
- BLight is needed for photosynthesis
- COxygen is needed for photosynthesis
- DCarbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A patient's arterial blood pH is 7.25. How is this described?
- AAlkalosis
- BNeutral
- CNormal
- DAcidosis
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What is (8 × 10⁶) ÷ (2 × 10⁻²)?
- A4 × 10⁴
- B4 × 10⁻¹²
- C4 × 10⁸
- D16 × 10⁴
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Pulmonary veins
Why this is the answer
Four pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium. They are the main exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical
Why this is the answer
The right main bronchus is wider, shorter and continues more directly in line with the trachea, so aspirated objects tend to fall into it.
B · The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Sinoatrial node
Why this is the answer
The SA node depolarises spontaneously at the fastest rate and sets the heart rhythm. The AV node delays the impulse before it spreads to the ventricles.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Pyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature
Why this is the answer
Pyrogens trigger prostaglandin E₂ in the hypothalamus, raising the set point. Until body temperature reaches the new set point, heat-gain responses such as shivering occur.
A · Pyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
Why this is the answer
The square gives AA, Aa, aA and aa, which is 1 : 2 : 1. The phenotype ratio is 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis
Why this is the answer
All leaves had light and chlorophyll, but the bagged leaf had no CO₂. Since it made no starch, CO₂ must be needed. The other leaves acted as the control.
D · Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Acidosis
Why this is the answer
A blood pH below 7.35 is acidosis, even though 7.25 is still above 7 on the pH scale. "Acidosis" means more acidic than normal for blood, not necessarily below pH 7.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 4 × 10⁸
Why this is the answer
8 ÷ 2 = 4, and 10⁶ ÷ 10⁻² = 10⁶⁻⁽⁻²⁾ = 10⁸. So the answer is 4 × 10⁸. Subtracting a negative exponent adds to it.
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