1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the stomach connects to the duodenum?
- ABody
- BFundus
- CCardia
- DPylorus
2.Human anatomyHard
After a stroke, a patient speaks fluently but uses meaningless words and cannot understand speech. Where is the lesion most likely to be?
- APosterior superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
- BInferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
- CPrecentral gyrus of the non-dominant hemisphere
- DCerebellar hemisphere
3.Human physiologyMedium
Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by:
- AEjection fraction
- BPeripheral resistance
- CStroke volume
- DBlood pressure
4.Human physiologyHard
In Otto Loewi's classic experiment, fluid from a vagus-stimulated frog heart slowed a second heart. What did this show?
- AThe heart beats without any nerve supply
- BThe vagus nerve speeds up the heart
- CNerves pass signals to their targets by releasing a chemical
- DNerve impulses spread through the fluid directly as electricity
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A red blood cell is placed in pure water. What is most likely to happen?
- AIt stays the same size
- BIt divides into two cells
- CIt swells and may burst
- DIt shrinks and wrinkles
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why does each enzyme usually act on only one type of substrate?
- AThe shape of its active site fits only that substrate
- BSubstrates are made by the enzyme itself
- CEnzymes can only work inside the nucleus
- DEach enzyme contains the DNA of its substrate
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the percent by mass of salt in a solution made from 15 g of salt and 135 g of water?
- A10%
- B11%
- C15%
- D90%
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Equal volumes of 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH are mixed. What is the approximate pH of the result?
- A3.5
- B14
- C7
- D1
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Pylorus
Why this is the answer
The pylorus is the distal stomach. Its pyloric sphincter regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Posterior superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
Why this is the answer
This is Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia, caused by damage to Wernicke's area in the posterior superior temporal gyrus. Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus causes non-fluent aphasia.
A · Posterior superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Stroke volume
Why this is the answer
CO = HR × SV. At rest about 70 beats/min × 70 mL ≈ 5 L/min.
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Nerves pass signals to their targets by releasing a chemical
Why this is the answer
The fluid carried "Vagusstoff", later identified as acetylcholine. This was the first clear evidence for chemical neurotransmission.
C · Nerves pass signals to their targets by releasing a chemical
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · It swells and may burst
Why this is the answer
Water moves into the cell, where the solute concentration is higher. An animal cell has no wall, so it swells and can burst (haemolysis).
C · It swells and may burst
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · The shape of its active site fits only that substrate
Why this is the answer
The active site has a particular shape and charge that matches its substrate (lock-and-key or induced fit), which makes enzymes specific.
A · The shape of its active site fits only that substrate
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 10%
Why this is the answer
The solution has 15 + 135 = 150 g, so the salt is 15/150 × 100 = 10%. Dividing by the water alone gives 11%.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 7
Why this is the answer
The H⁺ and OH⁻ react completely to give water and NaCl, which is neutral, so the pH is about 7.
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