1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which bone of the skull contains the foramen magnum?
- ATemporal bone
- BSphenoid bone
- COccipital bone
- DParietal bone
2.Human anatomyHard
In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?
- ABetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
- BBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
- CBetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
- DBetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
3.Human physiologyMedium
Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?
- ASodium
- BPotassium
- CCalcium
- DChloride
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does a deep sea diver risk decompression sickness when surfacing quickly?
- ANitrogen dissolved at high pressure forms bubbles as the pressure falls
- BOxygen becomes toxic at the surface
- CThe lungs collapse when the pressure falls
- DCarbon dioxide cannot leave the lungs fast enough
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What happens to an enzyme after it has catalysed a reaction?
- AIt is broken down into amino acids
- BIt is released unchanged and can be used again
- CIt becomes part of the product and leaves with it
- DIt changes into the substrate
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A dihybrid cross gives offspring in a ratio of about 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. What does this suggest?
- ABoth parents are heterozygous for two genes that assort independently
- BThe two genes are tightly linked on the same chromosome
- CBoth parents are homozygous dominant for both genes
- DOne parent is AaBb and the other is homozygous aabb
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which substance is a non-electrolyte when dissolved in water?
- APotassium chloride
- BHydrochloric acid
- CGlucose
- DSodium chloride
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Hydrogen is usually placed at the top of group 1. Which statement about hydrogen is correct?
- AIt has a full outer shell like the noble gases
- BIt is an alkali metal that is solid at room temperature
- CIt has one valence electron like group 1 metals, but it is a nonmetal gas
- DIt always forms H⁺ ions and never shares electrons
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Occipital bone
Why this is the answer
The foramen magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone through which the medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
Why this is the answer
At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.
A · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Potassium
Why this is the answer
Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Nitrogen dissolved at high pressure forms bubbles as the pressure falls
Why this is the answer
At depth more nitrogen dissolves in the tissues. If pressure falls too fast it comes out of solution as bubbles in tissues and blood, causing "the bends".
A · Nitrogen dissolved at high pressure forms bubbles as the pressure falls
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · It is released unchanged and can be used again
Why this is the answer
Enzymes are catalysts. The product leaves the active site, and the enzyme is free to bind another substrate molecule, so a small amount of enzyme can act on many molecules.
B · It is released unchanged and can be used again
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Both parents are heterozygous for two genes that assort independently
Why this is the answer
AaBb × AaBb with unlinked genes gives 9 A_B_ : 3 A_bb : 3 aaB_ : 1 aabb. Linked genes or other parent genotypes give different ratios.
A · Both parents are heterozygous for two genes that assort independently
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Glucose
Why this is the answer
Glucose is a covalent molecule that dissolves without forming ions, so its solution does not conduct. NaCl, KCl and HCl all produce ions in water.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · It has one valence electron like group 1 metals, but it is a nonmetal gas
Why this is the answer
Hydrogen has one electron, which explains its position in group 1, but it is a nonmetal gas (H₂) that usually forms covalent bonds, as in H₂O and CH₄. It is not an alkali metal.
C · It has one valence electron like group 1 metals, but it is a nonmetal gas
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