1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?
- AAdrenal medulla
- BZona glomerulosa
- CZona fasciculata
- DZona reticularis
2.Human anatomyHard
Which structure passes through the inguinal canal in males?
- AGreat saphenous vein
- BSpermatic cord
- CFemoral artery
- DObturator nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is anatomical dead space?
- AAlveoli that have collapsed completely
- BThe space between the two pleural layers
- CThe air that stays in the lungs after full exhalation (residual volume)
- DThe volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiologyHard
In pernicious anaemia, autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leads to anaemia because:
- AGastrin is lost, so the bone marrow is no longer stimulated
- BIntrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
- CPepsin is lost, so haemoglobin cannot be made
- DAcid is lost, so iron is never absorbed in any form
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A student tests how the amount of light affects the growth of bean plants. Which should be a controlled variable?
- AThe amount of light each plant receives
- BThe height of the plants at the end
- CThe amount of water each plant receives
- DThe conclusion of the experiment
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why are organ transplant patients usually given drugs that suppress the immune system?
- AThe donor organ contains bacteria that must be killed
- BThe drugs help the new organ to grow larger
- CThe drugs change the donor organ's DNA so that it matches the patient
- DTheir immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
In a closed container, 10 g of substance A reacts completely with 5 g of substance B. What is the total mass of the products?
- A15 g
- B50 g
- C5 g
- D10 g
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
A gas occupies 4 L at 2 atm and 200 K. What is its volume at 1 atm and 400 K?
- A16 L
- B1 L
- C4 L
- D8 L
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Adrenal medulla
Why this is the answer
The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Spermatic cord
Why this is the answer
The inguinal canal carries the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. The femoral vessels pass below the inguinal ligament instead.
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
Why this is the answer
Anatomical dead space (about 150 ml) is air in the nose, trachea and bronchi. It is moved with every breath but never reaches the alveoli.
D · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
Why this is the answer
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anaemia.
B · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The amount of water each plant receives
Why this is the answer
Light is the independent variable and plant height the dependent variable. Water, soil, pot size and type of plant must be kept the same.
C · The amount of water each plant receives
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Their immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
Why this is the answer
Cells display surface proteins (antigens) that differ between people. The recipient's immune system can attack an organ with foreign antigens, causing rejection, so immunosuppressants are used to reduce this.
D · Their immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 15 g
Why this is the answer
By the law of conservation of mass, the products have the same total mass as the reactants: 10 g + 5 g = 15 g.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 16 L
Why this is the answer
V₂ = P₁V₁T₂ ÷ (T₁P₂) = (2 × 4 × 400) ÷ (200 × 1) = 16 L. Halving the pressure doubles the volume, and doubling the temperature doubles it again.
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