1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The sympathetic nervous system leaves the central nervous system from which spinal segments?
- ACervical only
- BCranial and sacral
- CThoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
- DSacral only (S2–S4)
2.Human anatomyHard
What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through after leaving the collecting ducts?
- AMajor calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- BMinor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- CRenal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
- DMinor calyx, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureter
3.Human physiologyMedium
Mean arterial pressure is approximately equal to:
- ACardiac output ÷ heart rate
- BHeart rate × stroke volume
- CCardiac output × total peripheral resistance
- DStroke volume × total peripheral vascular resistance
4.Human physiologyHard
Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?
- AThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
- BAquaporin-2 water channels
- CThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
- DThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
An organism is multicellular, makes its own food by photosynthesis and has cell walls of cellulose. Which kingdom does it belong to?
- AAnimals
- BBacteria
- CFungi
- DPlants
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why are organ transplant patients usually given drugs that suppress the immune system?
- AThe donor organ contains bacteria that must be killed
- BTheir immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
- CThe drugs help the new organ to grow larger
- DThe drugs change the donor organ's DNA so that it matches the patient
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A bag of 5% (w/v) glucose solution (called 5% dextrose in the US) contains 5 g of glucose per 100 mL. How many grams of glucose are in 1 L?
- A50 g
- B500 g
- C5 g
- D0.5 g
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Cotton soaked in ammonia (NH₃) and cotton soaked in hydrogen chloride (HCl) are placed at opposite ends of a glass tube. A white ring of ammonium chloride forms closer to the HCl end. What does this show?
- AThe white ring forms where the gases are heaviest
- BThe lighter NH₃ molecules diffuse faster than HCl molecules
- CBoth gases diffuse at the same speed
- DThe HCl molecules diffuse faster than NH₃ molecules
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
Why this is the answer
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons lie in the lateral horn from T1 to L2. The parasympathetic system has a craniosacral outflow.
C · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Why this is the answer
Collecting ducts open at the renal papillae into minor calyces, which join to form major calyces, which empty into the renal pelvis and then the ureter.
B · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Cardiac output × total peripheral resistance
Why this is the answer
Pressure = flow × resistance, so MAP ≈ CO × TPR. Changes in either cardiac output or vascular resistance change blood pressure.
C · Cardiac output × total peripheral resistance
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
Why this is the answer
NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.
A · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Plants
Why this is the answer
Multicellular organisms that photosynthesise and have cellulose walls are plants. Fungi absorb food and have chitin walls, animals have no walls and bacteria are prokaryotes.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Their immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
Why this is the answer
Cells display surface proteins (antigens) that differ between people. The recipient's immune system can attack an organ with foreign antigens, causing rejection, so immunosuppressants are used to reduce this.
B · Their immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 50 g
Why this is the answer
% w/v means grams per 100 mL. 1 L = 1000 mL = 10 × 100 mL, so it contains 10 × 5 g = 50 g of glucose.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The lighter NH₃ molecules diffuse faster than HCl molecules
Why this is the answer
At the same temperature, lighter gas molecules move faster on average. NH₃ (17 g/mol) is lighter than HCl (36.5 g/mol), so it travels farther and the gases meet nearer the HCl end.
B · The lighter NH₃ molecules diffuse faster than HCl molecules
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