1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?
- AStratified squamous epithelium
- BSimple cuboidal epithelium
- CTransitional epithelium
- DPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomyHard
What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through after leaving the collecting ducts?
- ARenal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
- BMinor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- CMinor calyx, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureter
- DMajor calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiologyMedium
According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of an arteriole halves, its resistance to flow:
- AHalves
- BDoubles
- CIncreases about 16-fold
- DIncreases 4-fold
4.Human physiologyHard
A young woman has muscle weakness that gets worse with repeated use and improves with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. What is the most likely mechanism?
- ALoss of motor neurons in the spinal cord
- BAntibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
- CDemyelination of central nervous system tracts
- DA defect in the dystrophin protein of muscle
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
During which phase of mitosis are the sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles?
- AMetaphase
- BInterphase
- CAnaphase
- DProphase
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why are mutations in mitochondrial DNA passed on only from mothers to their children?
- AMitochondrial DNA is on the X chromosome
- BThe zygote's mitochondria come from the egg
- COnly women have mitochondria in their cells
- DSperm cells contain no DNA at all
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which change would make a piece of chalk react faster with acid?
- ADiluting the acid with more water
- BUsing one large lump of chalk
- CGrinding the chalk into a powder
- DCooling the acid in a fridge
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
A sealed bag of crisps (potato chips) packed at sea level looks puffed up when it is carried to a high mountain. Why?
- AMore gas is produced by the crisps at altitude
- BThe outside air pressure is lower, so the gas inside expands
- CThe gas inside the bag is heated strongly by the mountain sunlight
- DThe bag becomes thinner and weaker at altitude
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Why this is the answer
Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.
D · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Why this is the answer
Collecting ducts open at the renal papillae into minor calyces, which join to form major calyces, which empty into the renal pelvis and then the ureter.
B · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Increases about 16-fold
Why this is the answer
Resistance is proportional to 1/r⁴, so halving the radius raises resistance by 2⁴ = 16. This is why small changes in arteriole diameter control blood flow so strongly.
C · Increases about 16-fold
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Why this is the answer
In myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies reduce the number of functional acetylcholine receptors. Blocking acetylcholinesterase leaves more ACh to bind the remaining receptors.
B · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Anaphase
Why this is the answer
In anaphase the centromeres split and spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to opposite ends. Telophase follows, with new nuclear membranes forming.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The zygote's mitochondria come from the egg
Why this is the answer
The egg provides the cytoplasm of the zygote, including its mitochondria. Sperm mitochondria do not normally survive in the embryo, so mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother.
B · The zygote's mitochondria come from the egg
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Grinding the chalk into a powder
Why this is the answer
Powder has a much larger surface area, so more particles can collide with the acid at once. Cooling and diluting slow the reaction.
C · Grinding the chalk into a powder
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The outside air pressure is lower, so the gas inside expands
Why this is the answer
The bag is flexible, so the gas inside expands until its pressure matches the lower outside pressure. Fewer collisions from the outside let the bag swell (Boyle's law).
B · The outside air pressure is lower, so the gas inside expands
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