1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which two veins?
- ASuperior mesenteric vein and left renal vein
- BInferior vena cava and renal vein
- CSuperior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
- DHepatic vein and splenic vein
2.Human anatomyHard
Injury to the common fibular (peroneal) nerve at the neck of the fibula typically causes:
- ALoss of sensation on the sole of the foot
- BInability to flex the knee
- CWeak hip abduction
- DFoot drop
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which ABO blood group has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma?
- AGroup B
- BGroup A
- CGroup O
- DGroup AB
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?
- AThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂
- BThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
- CShunted blood is already fully saturated
- DPure oxygen damages haemoglobin
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which statement describes active transport?
- AIt uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
- BIt happens only in dead cells
- CIt moves substances down their concentration gradient without using any energy
- DIt moves only water across the membrane
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A restriction enzyme cuts at three sites in a linear piece of DNA. How many fragments are produced?
- A3
- B4
- C2
- D6
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Magnesium forms Mg²⁺ ions and oxygen forms O²⁻ ions. What is the formula of magnesium oxide?
- AMgO
- BMgO₂
- CMg₂O
- DMg₂O₂
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Uranium-238 (atomic number 92) undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed?
- AThorium-238 (atomic number 90)
- BThorium-234 (atomic number 90)
- CPlutonium-242 (atomic number 94)
- DProtactinium-234 (atomic number 91)
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
Why this is the answer
The portal vein forms behind the neck of the pancreas from the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. It carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver.
C · Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Foot drop
Why this is the answer
The common fibular nerve supplies the dorsiflexors and evertors. Damage at the fibular neck causes foot drop and a high-stepping gait. The sole is supplied by the tibial nerve.
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Group O
Why this is the answer
Group O people have no A or B antigens and make both anti-A and anti-B. Group AB has both antigens and neither antibody.
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
Why this is the answer
Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.
B · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · It uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
Why this is the answer
Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins (pumps) to move substances from low to high concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are passive.
A · It uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 4
Why this is the answer
A linear molecule cut at n sites gives n + 1 pieces, so three cuts give 4 fragments. A circular plasmid cut at three sites would give only 3.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · MgO
Why this is the answer
One Mg²⁺ (2+) balances one O²⁻ (2−), so the formula is MgO. Mg₂O₂ has the right ratio but formulas of ionic compounds use the simplest ratio.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Thorium-234 (atomic number 90)
Why this is the answer
Mass number: 238 − 4 = 234. Atomic number: 92 − 2 = 90, which is thorium. So ²³⁸U → ²³⁴Th + ⁴He.
B · Thorium-234 (atomic number 90)
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