1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- APulmonary arteries
- BPulmonary veins
- CBronchial arteries
- DVenae cavae
2.Human anatomyHard
A pituitary tumour grows upwards and causes loss of both outer (temporal) halves of the visual field. Where is the visual pathway compressed?
- AOccipital cortex
- BLeft optic tract
- CRight optic nerve
- DOptic chiasm
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant?
- ATo kill bacteria in the airways
- BTo trap dust in the bronchi
- CTo reduce surface tension in the alveoli
- DTo carry oxygen across the alveolar wall
4.Human physiologyHard
A young woman has muscle weakness that gets worse with repeated use and improves with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. What is the most likely mechanism?
- AAntibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
- BDemyelination of central nervous system tracts
- CLoss of motor neurons in the spinal cord
- DA defect in the dystrophin protein of muscle
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?
- ALactic acid and oxygen
- BCarbon dioxide, water and ATP
- CStarch and water
- DGlucose and oxygen
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Two genes lie very close together on the same chromosome. In a test cross, most offspring look like the parents instead of the expected 1:1:1:1 ratio. Why?
- ABoth genes show incomplete dominance
- BThe genes are on different chromosomes and assort independently
- CThe genes are linked and are rarely separated by crossing over
- DA frameshift mutation happened in both genes
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which assumption is made about an ideal gas?
- AIts particles are large, closely packed and strongly attracted
- BIts particles stay still at room temperature
- CIts particles lose energy in every collision
- DIts particles have no attraction to each other
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
An element has the electron arrangement 2, 8, 7. Which ion will it most likely form?
- AA 1+ ion
- BA 2− ion
- CA 7+ ion
- DA 1− ion
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Pulmonary veins
Why this is the answer
Four pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium. They are the main exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Optic chiasm
Why this is the answer
Bitemporal hemianopia results from compression of the crossing nasal fibres at the optic chiasm, which lies directly above the pituitary gland.
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
Why this is the answer
Surfactant, made by type II alveolar cells, lowers surface tension so alveoli do not collapse and the lungs are easier to inflate.
C · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Why this is the answer
In myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies reduce the number of functional acetylcholine receptors. Blocking acetylcholinesterase leaves more ACh to bind the remaining receptors.
A · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Carbon dioxide, water and ATP
Why this is the answer
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP). Glucose and oxygen are the reactants, not the products.
B · Carbon dioxide, water and ATP
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The genes are linked and are rarely separated by crossing over
Why this is the answer
Independent assortment applies to genes on different chromosomes. Linked genes are inherited together unless crossing over separates them, and the closer they are, the less often this happens.
C · The genes are linked and are rarely separated by crossing over
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Its particles have no attraction to each other
Why this is the answer
An ideal gas is imagined to have particles of negligible volume, no attractions between them and perfectly elastic collisions. Real gases behave nearly this way at ordinary conditions.
D · Its particles have no attraction to each other
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · A 1− ion
Why this is the answer
With 7 outer electrons (chlorine), gaining one electron to complete the octet is far easier than losing seven, so it forms a 1− ion.
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