1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The rotator cuff consists of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and which other muscle?
- ATeres major
- BDeltoid
- CSubscapularis
- DLatissimus dorsi
2.Human anatomyHard
A large central disc prolapse at L4–L5 causes saddle anaesthesia, urinary retention and bilateral leg weakness. Which structure is compressed?
- AFemoral nerve
- BSciatic nerve in the buttock
- CThoracic spinal cord
- DCauda equina
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?
- A7.00 to 7.20
- B7.50 to 7.65
- C7.35 to 7.45
- D6.80 to 7.00
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does a person with lactase deficiency get diarrhoea and bloating after drinking milk?
- ALactose damages the villi directly
- BMilk protein triggers an allergic reaction
- CUndigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
- DLactose is absorbed too quickly and raises blood glucose
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
There are 64 possible codons but only about 20 amino acids. What does this tell you about the genetic code?
- AOnly 20 of the codons are ever used
- BMost amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
- CEach amino acid has exactly three codons
- DEach codon codes for more than one amino acid at the same time
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why is ATP described as an energy carrier rather than a long-term energy store?
- AATP can be made only in plants
- BATP is stored in large amounts in fat tissue
- CCells hold only a little and constantly recycle it from ADP
- DATP contains no energy in its bonds, so it cannot be stored
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
In the balanced equation __Mg + __HCl → __MgCl₂ + __H₂, what is the coefficient of HCl?
- A1
- B4
- C3
- D2
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
An isotope has a half-life of 8 days. How long does it take for 100 g to decay to 12.5 g?
- A32 days
- B64 days
- C24 days
- D16 days
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Subscapularis
Why this is the answer
SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis. Teres major is close by but is not part of the cuff.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Cauda equina
Why this is the answer
Below L1–L2 the canal holds the cauda equina. Central compression of these lumbar and sacral roots causes cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · 7.35 to 7.45
Why this is the answer
Arterial pH is normally 7.35–7.45. Below 7.35 is acidaemia and above 7.45 alkalaemia.
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Undigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
Why this is the answer
Unabsorbed lactose acts osmotically, pulling water into the lumen. Colonic bacteria ferment it, producing gas and short-chain fatty acids.
C · Undigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
Why this is the answer
Because there are more codons than amino acids, most amino acids have several codons. This redundancy means some point mutations, especially in the third base, do not change the protein.
B · Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Cells hold only a little and constantly recycle it from ADP
Why this is the answer
Cells keep only a small amount of ATP and remake it all the time from ADP and phosphate using energy from respiration. Long-term energy is stored as glycogen and fat.
C · Cells hold only a little and constantly recycle it from ADP
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 2
Why this is the answer
MgCl₂ has 2 Cl, so 2HCl is needed, which also gives 2 H for H₂: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 24 days
Why this is the answer
100 → 50 → 25 → 12.5 is three half-lives. 3 × 8 days = 24 days.
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