1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The head of the femur articulates with which structure?
- AAcetabulum
- BObturator foramen
- CGlenoid cavity
- DGreater trochanter
2.Human anatomyHard
In which part of the small intestine are vitamin B12 and bile salts mainly absorbed?
- ATerminal ileum
- BJejunum
- CDuodenum
- DCaecum
3.Human physiologyMedium
In which form is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
- ADissolved as CO₂ gas
- BAs bicarbonate ions in plasma
- CAs carbonic acid in platelets
- DBound to the haem iron
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?
- AThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
- BShunted blood is already fully saturated
- CThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂
- DPure oxygen damages haemoglobin
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A cut in the skin heals as new skin cells fill the wound. Which process produces these cells?
- AMeiosis
- BBinary fission
- CFertilisation
- DMitosis
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
An Rh-negative mother gives birth to an Rh-positive baby. Why could a later Rh-positive pregnancy be at risk?
- AHer red cells may become Rh positive after the birth
- BShe may have made anti-D antibodies that cross the placenta
- CThe first baby's antibodies remain in her blood and attack her
- DThe second baby will be unable to make any red cells
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which equation shows a combustion reaction?
- ACaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
- BC₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
- CZn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
- DNaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate, NH₄NO₃ (N = 14, H = 1, O = 16; molar mass 80 g/mol)?
- A60%
- B28%
- C17.5%
- D35%
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Acetabulum
Why this is the answer
The acetabulum is the cup-shaped socket of the hip bone, formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis. The glenoid cavity is the shoulder's socket.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Terminal ileum
Why this is the answer
The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 (bound to intrinsic factor) and reabsorbs bile salts. The duodenum mainly absorbs iron.
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · As bicarbonate ions in plasma
Why this is the answer
About 70% of CO₂ is carried as bicarbonate. Carbonic anhydrase in red cells converts CO₂ and water to carbonic acid, which dissociates into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻.
B · As bicarbonate ions in plasma
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
Why this is the answer
Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.
A · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Mitosis
Why this is the answer
Growth and repair of body tissues happen by mitosis, which makes genetically identical diploid cells. Meiosis makes gametes only.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · She may have made anti-D antibodies that cross the placenta
Why this is the answer
Exposure to the baby's RhD-positive cells can sensitise the mother, so she makes anti-D antibodies. In a later pregnancy these can cross the placenta and destroy the baby's red cells (haemolytic disease of the newborn). Anti-D immunoglobulin is given to prevent sensitisation.
B · She may have made anti-D antibodies that cross the placenta
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Why this is the answer
Combustion is a fuel reacting with O₂, here ethanol forming carbon dioxide and water. The others are neutralisation, decomposition and single replacement.
B · C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 35%
Why this is the answer
NH₄NO₃ contains 2 N atoms: 2 × 14 = 28 g per 80 g. 28 ÷ 80 × 100 = 35%. Counting only one N gives 17.5%.
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