1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which structure is the main bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
- ACorpus callosum
- BFornix
- CCerebral peduncle
- DInternal capsule
2.Human anatomyHard
A lesion of the left optic tract causes which visual field defect?
- ABlindness in the left eye only
- BRight homonymous hemianopia
- CBitemporal hemianopia
- DLeft homonymous hemianopia
3.Human physiologyMedium
In skeletal muscle, where does most of the calcium for contraction come from?
- AThe nucleus
- BThe sarcoplasmic reticulum
- CThe extracellular fluid
- DThe mitochondria
4.Human physiologyHard
A pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to a well-ventilated region of lung. How does the ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) ratio of that region change?
- AIt becomes zero, acting as a shunt
- BIt becomes low, like in pneumonia
- CIt becomes very high, acting as dead space
- DIt stays normal because ventilation falls too
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What happens during transcription?
- AThe whole DNA molecule is copied before division
- BAn mRNA copy of a gene is made from DNA
- CA protein is built from an mRNA message
- DAmino acids are joined at the ribosome
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Muscle cells use a lot of energy. Which organelle would you expect them to have in large numbers?
- AVacuoles
- BChloroplasts
- CLysosomes
- DMitochondria
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
In the balanced equation __Mg + __HCl → __MgCl₂ + __H₂, what is the coefficient of HCl?
- A2
- B1
- C3
- D4
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
2090 J of heat is added to 50 g of water (specific heat 4.18 J/g·°C). By how much does its temperature rise?
- A20 °C
- B5 °C
- C41.8 °C
- D10 °C
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Corpus callosum
Why this is the answer
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure, linking matching areas of the two hemispheres. The internal capsule carries projection fibres up and down instead.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Right homonymous hemianopia
Why this is the answer
The left optic tract carries fibres from the left half of each retina, which see the right visual field. Its lesion causes loss of the right half of the field in both eyes.
B · Right homonymous hemianopia
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Why this is the answer
Depolarisation of the T-tubules opens ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing stored calcium into the cytoplasm.
B · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
Why this is the answer
Ventilation without perfusion gives a very high V/Q ratio (dead space). A shunt, such as in pneumonia, is the opposite: perfusion without ventilation.
C · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · An mRNA copy of a gene is made from DNA
Why this is the answer
Transcription copies the information of a gene into messenger RNA. Translation then uses the mRNA at the ribosome to build a protein.
B · An mRNA copy of a gene is made from DNA
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Mitochondria
Why this is the answer
Active muscle needs a lot of ATP, so muscle cells are packed with mitochondria, where aerobic respiration takes place.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 2
Why this is the answer
MgCl₂ has 2 Cl, so 2HCl is needed, which also gives 2 H for H₂: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 10 °C
Why this is the answer
ΔT = q ÷ (m × c) = 2090 ÷ (50 × 4.18) = 2090 ÷ 209 = 10 °C.
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