1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
- AAortic valve
- BMitral (bicuspid) valve
- CTricuspid valve
- DPulmonary valve
2.Human anatomyHard
In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?
- ABetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
- BBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
- CBetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
- DBetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant?
- ATo kill bacteria in the airways
- BTo reduce surface tension in the alveoli
- CTo carry oxygen across the alveolar wall
- DTo trap dust in the bronchi
4.Human physiologyHard
According to the length–tension relationship, why does a skeletal muscle fibre produce less force when overstretched?
- ACalcium is no longer released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when stretched
- BThe neuromuscular junction stops working
- CActin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
- DThe muscle runs out of ATP when stretched
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
- AAn epidemic is caused only by bacteria
- BAn epidemic affects the whole world at once
- CA pandemic affects only one town
- DA pandemic spreads across many countries or continents
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why is one new DNA strand made in short pieces (Okazaki fragments) during replication?
- AOnly half of the DNA needs to be copied
- BHelicase cuts that strand into pieces before copying
- CThe lagging strand is made of RNA instead of DNA, so it must be built in pieces
- DDNA polymerase works only 5' to 3', and the strands are antiparallel
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A magnesium atom loses two electrons. What is the ion formed?
- AMg⁻
- BMg²⁺
- CMg⁺
- DMg²⁻
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which equation is correctly balanced?
- ANa + Cl₂ → NaCl
- B2Na + Cl₂ → NaCl₂
- C2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl
- DNa + Cl → NaCl₂
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Why this is the answer
The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the tricuspid valve does the same on the right side.
B · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
Why this is the answer
At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.
C · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
Why this is the answer
Surfactant, made by type II alveolar cells, lowers surface tension so alveoli do not collapse and the lungs are easier to inflate.
B · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Actin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
Why this is the answer
Maximum force occurs at an optimal sarcomere length with best filament overlap. Overstretching reduces overlap; too short a length makes filaments collide.
C · Actin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · A pandemic spreads across many countries or continents
Why this is the answer
An epidemic is a sharp rise in cases in a particular region or population. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread over a very wide area, across several countries or continents.
D · A pandemic spreads across many countries or continents
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · DNA polymerase works only 5' to 3', and the strands are antiparallel
Why this is the answer
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end. One strand (leading) is made continuously towards the fork, and the other (lagging) is made in short fragments that ligase later joins together.
D · DNA polymerase works only 5' to 3', and the strands are antiparallel
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Mg²⁺
Why this is the answer
Losing two electrons leaves two more protons than electrons, giving a 2+ charge. Group 2 metals form 2+ ions.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl
Why this is the answer
2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl has 2 Na and 2 Cl on each side. Writing NaCl₂ changes the formula of the product, which is not allowed.
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