1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brainstem contains the main cardiovascular and respiratory centres?
- ACerebellum
- BMedulla oblongata
- CMidbrain
- DPons
2.Human anatomyHard
After a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus, a patient cannot extend the wrist and fingers ("wrist drop"). Which nerve is most likely injured?
- ARadial nerve
- BUlnar nerve
- CAxillary nerve
- DMedian nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
What causes the first heart sound (S1)?
- ABlood filling the atria
- BClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
- CClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- DOpening of the aortic valve
4.Human physiologyHard
In long-standing aortic stenosis, how does the left ventricle adapt?
- ANo change because the valve is not part of the ventricle
- BThinning of the wall with dilation
- CAtrophy of the muscle due to less work
- DConcentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What does RNA polymerase do?
- AIt builds an RNA strand from a DNA template
- BIt builds a protein from an mRNA template
- CIt removes introns from pre-mRNA
- DIt copies the whole genome before cell division
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Fleming saw a clear area with no bacteria around a Penicillium mould growing on a bacterial plate. What was the best explanation?
- AThe bacteria had turned into mould cells
- BThe mould released a substance that killed or stopped the bacteria
- CThe bacteria had moved away to find more food
- DThe mould used up all of the oxygen that the nearby bacteria needed
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which statement describes an endothermic process?
- AIt releases heat, so the surroundings feel warmer
- BIt neither absorbs nor releases any energy
- CIt happens only at very high temperatures
- DIt absorbs heat, so the surroundings feel colder
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which element has the electron configuration 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵?
- AFluorine
- BSulfur
- CArgon
- DChlorine
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Medulla oblongata
Why this is the answer
The medulla oblongata contains the vital centres that regulate heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rhythm.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Radial nerve
Why this is the answer
The radial nerve runs in the radial (spiral) groove of the humeral shaft. It supplies the wrist and finger extensors, so injury causes wrist drop.
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Why this is the answer
S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.
B · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Concentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
Why this is the answer
Pressure overload makes the ventricular wall thicken (concentric hypertrophy) to keep wall stress normal. Volume overload, as in regurgitation, causes dilation instead.
D · Concentric hypertrophy with a thicker wall
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · It builds an RNA strand from a DNA template
Why this is the answer
RNA polymerase binds near the start of a gene, unwinds the DNA and joins RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand. Translation into protein happens later on ribosomes.
A · It builds an RNA strand from a DNA template
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · The mould released a substance that killed or stopped the bacteria
Why this is the answer
The mould released penicillin, which diffused into the agar and killed nearby bacteria. Penicillin blocks the building of the peptidoglycan cell wall.
B · The mould released a substance that killed or stopped the bacteria
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · It absorbs heat, so the surroundings feel colder
Why this is the answer
Endothermic processes take in energy from the surroundings, as when ammonium nitrate dissolves in an instant cold pack.
D · It absorbs heat, so the surroundings feel colder
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Chlorine
Why this is the answer
2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 17 electrons, so the atomic number is 17: chlorine. Its 7 electrons in the third shell (3s² 3p⁵) place it in group 17.
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