1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?
- AC3 to C7
- BC5 to T1
- CT1 to T5
- DC1 to C4
2.Human anatomyHard
After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?
- AMedial cord
- BPosterior cord
- CUpper trunk (C5–C6)
- DLower trunk (C8–T1)
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which receptors respond mainly to a fall in arterial oxygen levels?
- ACentral chemoreceptors in the medulla
- BBaroreceptors in the carotid sinus
- CPeripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
- DStretch receptors in the lungs
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient's arterial blood gas shows pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 7.8 kPa (59 mmHg) and normal bicarbonate. What is the most likely disturbance?
- AAcute respiratory acidosis
- BRespiratory alkalosis
- CCompensated metabolic alkalosis
- DMetabolic acidosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which body system works with the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to body cells?
- AThe skeletal system
- BThe urinary system
- CThe circulatory system
- DThe digestive system
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why are modified viruses often used to deliver genes in gene therapy?
- AViruses naturally insert their genetic material into host cells
- BViruses are larger than human cells, so they can carry many genes
- CViruses can reproduce without a host cell
- DViruses produce antibodies that fix faulty genes
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which of these is a colloid?
- APure water
- BMilk
- CSalt water
- DSand in water
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
An element has the electron arrangement 2, 8, 8, 2. Where is it on the periodic table?
- AGroup 4, period 2
- BGroup 2, period 4
- CGroup 8, period 2
- DGroup 2, period 2
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · C5 to T1
Why this is the answer
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. It gives rise to the main nerves of the arm.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
Why this is the answer
Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
Why this is the answer
The carotid and aortic bodies detect low PaO₂ (and also high CO₂ and H⁺). The central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ but not directly to oxygen.
C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Acute respiratory acidosis
Why this is the answer
Low pH with high CO₂ points to a respiratory acidosis. Bicarbonate has not risen yet, so the kidneys have not compensated: it is acute.
A · Acute respiratory acidosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The circulatory system
Why this is the answer
The lungs load oxygen into the blood, and the heart and blood vessels of the circulatory system carry it to the cells. The same systems bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
C · The circulatory system
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Viruses naturally insert their genetic material into host cells
Why this is the answer
Viruses have evolved to enter cells and deliver nucleic acid. Scientists remove the genes that cause disease and add the therapeutic gene, so the virus acts as a delivery vehicle (a vector).
A · Viruses naturally insert their genetic material into host cells
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Milk
Why this is the answer
In a colloid, particles are bigger than in a solution but do not settle out. Milk has tiny fat and protein droplets spread through water. Salt water is a solution and sand in water a suspension.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Group 2, period 4
Why this is the answer
Four occupied shells means period 4, and 2 outer electrons means group 2. This element has 20 electrons, so it is calcium.
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