1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
- AAccessory nerve (XI)
- BHypoglossal nerve (XII)
- CFacial nerve (VII)
- DVagus nerve (X)
2.Human anatomyHard
Why is the proximal pole of the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis after a waist fracture?
- AIt is drained by a single vein that clots easily
- BIt has no blood supply at all
- CIts only artery runs through the lunate
- DIts blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant?
- ATo carry oxygen across the alveolar wall
- BTo kill bacteria in the airways
- CTo reduce surface tension in the alveoli
- DTo trap dust in the bronchi
4.Human physiologyHard
Which spirometry finding is typical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- ANormal FEV1 with low FVC
- BFEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
- CIncreased peak expiratory flow
- DFEV1/FVC ratio above 0.9 with low FVC
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Nerve cells release chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) stored in vesicles. By which process are they released?
- APhagocytosis
- BEndocytosis
- COsmosis
- DExocytosis
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A single bacterium divides every 20 minutes. If none die, how many bacteria are there after 2 hours?
- A12
- B32
- C128
- D64
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why does water boil at a lower temperature at the top of a high mountain?
- AThe air is colder, so the water loses heat and boils sooner
- BGravity is weaker, so the molecules escape more easily
- CThere is less oxygen dissolved in the water up there
- DThe air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
A student tests whether water temperature affects how fast sugar dissolves. Which set of factors should be kept the same in every trial?
- AThe mass of sugar, the type of sugar, the volume of water and the amount of stirring
- BOnly the colour of the cup
- CNothing, because changing several factors at once gives more useful data
- DThe water temperature and the dissolving time
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Accessory nerve (XI)
Why this is the answer
The accessory nerve (XI) supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Damage weakens head turning and shoulder shrugging.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
Why this is the answer
Branches of the radial artery enter the scaphoid mainly distally and flow backwards. A fracture through the waist can cut off the proximal pole, causing avascular necrosis.
D · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
Why this is the answer
Surfactant, made by type II alveolar cells, lowers surface tension so alveoli do not collapse and the lungs are easier to inflate.
C · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
Why this is the answer
Narrowed airways slow expiration, so FEV1 falls more than FVC and the ratio drops below 0.7. In COPD this is not fully reversed by bronchodilators.
B · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Exocytosis
Why this is the answer
In exocytosis, vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents outside the cell. Endocytosis and phagocytosis take material in, and osmosis is the movement of water.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 64
Why this is the answer
Two hours contain 6 periods of 20 minutes, and the number doubles each time: 2⁶ = 64.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · The air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
Why this is the answer
At high altitude the atmospheric pressure is lower, so water's vapour pressure reaches it at a lower temperature. Water therefore boils below 100 °C, and food takes longer to cook.
D · The air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · The mass of sugar, the type of sugar, the volume of water and the amount of stirring
Why this is the answer
For a fair test, every factor except the independent variable (temperature) must be controlled. Otherwise a change in dissolving time could be caused by something else, such as more stirring or finer sugar.
A · The mass of sugar, the type of sugar, the volume of water and the amount of stirring
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