1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which muscle group on the front of the thigh extends the knee?
- AHamstrings
- BGluteal muscles
- CAdductors
- DQuadriceps femoris
2.Human anatomyHard
After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?
- APosterior cord
- BLower trunk (C8–T1)
- CUpper trunk (C5–C6)
- DMedial cord
3.Human physiologyMedium
Low plasma albumin, as in severe liver disease, causes oedema mainly because:
- ALymphatic drainage increases
- BThe capillaries become impermeable
- CCapillary hydrostatic pressure falls
- DPlasma oncotic pressure falls
4.Human physiologyHard
In the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, where is angiotensin I mainly converted to angiotensin II?
- AIn the lungs
- BIn the adrenal cortex
- CIn the kidneys' juxtaglomerular cells
- DIn the liver
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A person with blood type AB has both A and B antigens on the red cells. What kind of inheritance is this?
- AIncomplete dominance
- BCodominance
- CSex-linked inheritance
- DComplete dominance of A over B
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Home pregnancy tests use antibodies that bind the hormone hCG. Why do they react with hCG and not with other proteins in urine?
- AEach antibody binds a specific antigen shape
- BAntibodies bind every protein but change colour only with hCG
- CUrine contains no other proteins at all
- DThe hormone hCG is a type of antibody itself
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
During digestion, large molecules are broken down by adding water across their bonds. What is this reaction called?
- ACombustion
- BPolymerisation
- CCondensation
- DHydrolysis
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
At room temperature chlorine (Cl₂) is a gas, bromine (Br₂) is a liquid and iodine (I₂) is a solid. What best explains this trend?
- AIodine forms hydrogen bonds but chlorine does not
- BThe covalent bond in I₂ is much stronger than in Cl₂
- CLarger molecules with more electrons have stronger dispersion forces
- DChlorine is ionic, while iodine is metallic
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Quadriceps femoris
Why this is the answer
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris and three vasti) extends the knee through the patellar ligament. The hamstrings flex it.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
Why this is the answer
Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Plasma oncotic pressure falls
Why this is the answer
Albumin generates most of the plasma oncotic pressure that pulls fluid back into capillaries. When it falls, more fluid stays in the tissues.
D · Plasma oncotic pressure falls
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · In the lungs
Why this is the answer
Renin (kidney) cleaves angiotensinogen (liver) to angiotensin I, which ACE, mainly on pulmonary capillary endothelium, converts to angiotensin II.
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Codominance
Why this is the answer
The Iᴬ and Iᴮ alleles are codominant: neither masks the other, and both antigens appear. The O allele (i) is recessive to both.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Each antibody binds a specific antigen shape
Why this is the answer
An antibody's binding site fits one particular antigen shape, so the test reacts with hCG but not with unrelated proteins. Laboratory-made antibodies of one type (monoclonal antibodies) are used for this reason.
A · Each antibody binds a specific antigen shape
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Hydrolysis
Why this is the answer
Hydrolysis uses water to break the bonds between monomers, as when enzymes break starch into glucose or proteins into amino acids. It is the reverse of condensation.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Larger molecules with more electrons have stronger dispersion forces
Why this is the answer
Going down group 17 the molecules get bigger with more electrons, so temporary dipoles are larger and dispersion forces stronger. More energy is needed to separate the molecules, raising melting and boiling points.
C · Larger molecules with more electrons have stronger dispersion forces
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