1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
- AMitral (bicuspid) valve
- BPulmonary valve
- CAortic valve
- DTricuspid valve
2.Human anatomyHard
A stroke affecting the left middle cerebral artery in a right-handed person most likely causes:
- ARight-sided weakness and left visual neglect
- BRight-sided weakness and aphasia
- CIsolated loss of balance
- DLeft-sided weakness and aphasia
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney?
- AAtrial natriuretic peptide
- BParathyroid hormone
- CAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- DAldosterone
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?
- AType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
- BType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
- CKetones are only made in children
- DEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A cell has a nucleus and mitochondria but no cell wall and no chloroplasts. What kind of cell is it most likely to be?
- AA bacterial cell
- BA fungal cell
- CA plant cell
- DAn animal cell
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A bag made of membrane that lets only water through contains a 10% sugar solution. It is placed in a beaker of 5% sugar solution. What happens?
- ASugar moves out of the bag until both are 7.5%
- BWater moves into the bag, and the bag gains mass
- CWater moves out of the bag, and the bag loses mass
- DNothing changes, because sugar cannot cross
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the shape of a water molecule?
- ALinear
- BFlat triangle
- CTetrahedral
- DBent
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
How does soap help remove grease from skin?
- ASoap reacts with grease to form water and carbon dioxide
- BSoap molecules are completely nonpolar, so they dissolve grease like a solvent
- CEach soap molecule has a polar end that attracts water and a nonpolar end that attracts grease
- DSoap makes the grease more dense so it sinks
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Why this is the answer
The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the tricuspid valve does the same on the right side.
A · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Right-sided weakness and aphasia
Why this is the answer
The left MCA supplies the left motor cortex (face and arm of the right side) and Broca's and Wernicke's areas, so right hemiparesis with aphasia is typical.
B · Right-sided weakness and aphasia
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Why this is the answer
ADH (vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary inserts aquaporin-2 channels, making the collecting duct permeable to water and concentrating the urine.
C · Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
Why this is the answer
Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.
D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · An animal cell
Why this is the answer
A nucleus and mitochondria show it is eukaryotic. Plant and fungal cells both have cell walls, and plant cells have chloroplasts, so the cell is most likely an animal cell.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Water moves into the bag, and the bag gains mass
Why this is the answer
The bag is hypertonic to the beaker, so water enters the bag by osmosis and its mass increases. Sugar cannot move because the membrane is impermeable to it.
B · Water moves into the bag, and the bag gains mass
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Bent
Why this is the answer
Water has two bonding pairs and two lone pairs around oxygen. The lone pairs push the O–H bonds closer, giving a bent shape (about 104.5°), which also makes water polar.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Each soap molecule has a polar end that attracts water and a nonpolar end that attracts grease
Why this is the answer
Soap's nonpolar hydrocarbon tail dissolves in grease, while its charged (polar) head stays in water. The grease is wrapped in tiny clusters (micelles) and rinsed away.
C · Each soap molecule has a polar end that attracts water and a nonpolar end that attracts grease
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