1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The head of the femur articulates with which structure?
- AGreater trochanter
- BGlenoid cavity
- CObturator foramen
- DAcetabulum
2.Human anatomyHard
When inserting a chest drain or needle into the pleural space, why is it placed just above the upper border of a rib?
- AThe intercostal vein, artery and nerve run along the lower border of each rib
- BThe pleura is thickest just above each rib
- CThe intercostal muscles are absent above each rib
- DThe lung does not reach the area above each rib
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which is a classic example of positive feedback in the body?
- ASweating when body temperature rises
- BOxytocin release during labour
- CADH release when plasma osmolality rises
- DInsulin release after a meal
4.Human physiologyHard
Why can a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning have a normal PaO₂ but severe tissue hypoxia?
- ACO blocks diffusion across the alveolar wall
- BCO lowers the barometric pressure in the alveoli
- CCO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
- DCO stops oxygen from dissolving in plasma
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope break down?
- AProphase
- BTelophase
- CMetaphase
- DAnaphase
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
In the Hershey–Chase experiment, viruses were labelled with radioactive phosphorus in their DNA or radioactive sulfur in their protein. Only the phosphorus entered the infected bacteria. What did this show?
- AProtein, not DNA, is the genetic material of the virus
- BBacteria take up any radioactive substance
- CDNA, not protein, is the genetic material of the virus
- DViruses contain no DNA at all
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A solution has a pH of 2. What is its hydrogen ion concentration?
- A1 × 10⁻² mol/L
- B1 × 10² mol/L
- C1 × 10⁻¹² mol/L
- D2 mol/L
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Ethene has the structure H₂C=CH₂. How many electrons are shared between the two carbon atoms?
- A8
- B4
- C6
- D2
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Acetabulum
Why this is the answer
The acetabulum is the cup-shaped socket of the hip bone, formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis. The glenoid cavity is the shoulder's socket.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · The intercostal vein, artery and nerve run along the lower border of each rib
Why this is the answer
The intercostal neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, nerve from above down) lies in the costal groove under each rib. Going just above the rib below avoids it.
A · The intercostal vein, artery and nerve run along the lower border of each rib
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Oxytocin release during labour
Why this is the answer
Stretch of the cervix releases oxytocin, which strengthens contractions and causes more stretch. The loop ends with delivery. The other examples are negative feedback.
B · Oxytocin release during labour
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · CO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
Why this is the answer
CO binds haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen and shifts the curve left. Dissolved O₂ (PaO₂) is normal, but total oxygen content and release to tissues drop sharply.
C · CO occupies haemoglobin binding sites, so oxygen content falls
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Prophase
Why this is the answer
In prophase the chromosomes coil up and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle starts to form. In telophase the reverse happens.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of the virus
Why this is the answer
Phosphorus is part of the DNA backbone, while sulfur is found in proteins but not in DNA. Since only the labelled DNA entered the cells and directed new viruses, DNA must carry the genetic instructions.
C · DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of the virus
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 1 × 10⁻² mol/L
Why this is the answer
If pH = 2, then [H⁺] = 10⁻² = 0.01 mol/L. The pH is the negative exponent of the hydrogen ion concentration.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 4
Why this is the answer
The two carbons are joined by a double bond, which is two shared pairs, so 4 electrons. Each carbon also forms two single bonds to hydrogen, giving 4 bonds per carbon.
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