1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordination and balance?
- AHypothalamus
- BCerebellum
- CThalamus
- DMedulla oblongata
2.Human anatomyHard
An ECG shows an infarct in leads II, III and aVF (inferior wall). Which coronary artery is most commonly blocked?
- ALeft anterior descending artery
- BLeft main coronary artery
- CRight coronary artery
- DFirst diagonal branch
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which receptors respond mainly to a fall in arterial oxygen levels?
- ACentral chemoreceptors in the medulla
- BStretch receptors in the lungs
- CPeripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
- DBaroreceptors in the carotid sinus
4.Human physiologyHard
Constriction of the efferent arteriole of a glomerulus, with the afferent arteriole unchanged, tends to:
- AHave no effect on GFR at all
- BRaise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- CLower glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- DStop filtration completely
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope break down?
- AProphase
- BAnaphase
- CMetaphase
- DTelophase
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
How does a phospholipid differ from a triglyceride?
- AOne of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
- BIt has four fatty acids instead of three
- CIt contains no glycerol, only fatty acids and phosphate
- DIt is made of amino acids
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why does water boil at a lower temperature at the top of a high mountain?
- AThere is less oxygen dissolved in the water up there
- BThe air is colder, so the water loses heat and boils sooner
- CThe air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
- DGravity is weaker, so the molecules escape more easily
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Na⁺, Mg²⁺, F⁻ and O²⁻ all have 10 electrons. Which ion is the largest?
- ANa⁺
- BMg²⁺
- CF⁻
- DO²⁻
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Cerebellum
Why this is the answer
The cerebellum fine-tunes movement, posture and balance. Damage causes ataxia and an unsteady gait.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Right coronary artery
Why this is the answer
The inferior wall is usually supplied by the right coronary artery through the posterior descending artery (right-dominant circulation), so inferior infarcts are mostly RCA occlusions.
C · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
Why this is the answer
The carotid and aortic bodies detect low PaO₂ (and also high CO₂ and H⁺). The central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ but not directly to oxygen.
C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Why this is the answer
Efferent constriction holds blood in the glomerulus, raising its pressure and GFR. Angiotensin II acts this way, which is why ACE inhibitors can lower GFR.
B · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Prophase
Why this is the answer
In prophase the chromosomes coil up and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle starts to form. In telophase the reverse happens.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · One of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
Why this is the answer
A triglyceride has glycerol and three fatty acids. In a phospholipid, one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate-containing group, giving a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
A · One of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
Why this is the answer
At high altitude the atmospheric pressure is lower, so water's vapour pressure reaches it at a lower temperature. Water therefore boils below 100 °C, and food takes longer to cook.
C · The air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · O²⁻
Why this is the answer
With the same 10 electrons, the ion with the fewest protons holds them least tightly. O²⁻ has only 8 protons, so it is largest; Mg²⁺ with 12 protons is smallest.
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