1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
- AAccessory nerve (XI)
- BHypoglossal nerve (XII)
- CFacial nerve (VII)
- DVagus nerve (X)
2.Human anatomyHard
After a stroke, a patient speaks fluently but uses meaningless words and cannot understand speech. Where is the lesion most likely to be?
- APrecentral gyrus of the non-dominant hemisphere
- BCerebellar hemisphere
- CPosterior superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
- DInferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
3.Human physiologyMedium
Where does the final activation step of vitamin D (1-alpha hydroxylation) take place?
- ALiver
- BSkin
- CSmall intestine
- DKidney
4.Human physiologyHard
Constriction of the efferent arteriole of a glomerulus, with the afferent arteriole unchanged, tends to:
- AStop filtration completely
- BHave no effect on GFR at all
- CRaise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- DLower glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- ARibosomes
- BA nucleus
- CThe endoplasmic reticulum
- DMitochondria
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
PCR starts with one double-stranded DNA molecule, and the number of copies doubles each cycle. How many copies are there after 10 cycles?
- A1024
- B100
- C20
- D512
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) is used for IV fluids. How is it described compared with blood?
- AHypotonic
- BHypertonic
- CIsotonic
- DSaturated
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
A compound is a gas at room temperature, does not conduct electricity in any state, and is made of two nonmetals. What kind of substance is it most likely?
- AA simple molecular (covalent) substance
- BAn ionic compound (a lattice of ions)
- CA giant covalent network solid
- DA metal with delocalised electrons
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Accessory nerve (XI)
Why this is the answer
The accessory nerve (XI) supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Damage weakens head turning and shoulder shrugging.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Posterior superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
Why this is the answer
This is Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia, caused by damage to Wernicke's area in the posterior superior temporal gyrus. Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus causes non-fluent aphasia.
C · Posterior superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Kidney
Why this is the answer
Vitamin D is made in the skin or eaten, hydroxylated in the liver, and then activated to calcitriol in the kidney. Kidney failure therefore causes vitamin D deficiency.
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Why this is the answer
Efferent constriction holds blood in the glomerulus, raising its pressure and GFR. Angiotensin II acts this way, which is why ACE inhibitors can lower GFR.
C · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Ribosomes
Why this is the answer
All cells have ribosomes, a cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA. Membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 1024
Why this is the answer
The number of copies is 2ⁿ after n cycles, so 2¹⁰ = 1024. After about 30 cycles, a single molecule gives over a billion copies.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Isotonic
Why this is the answer
0.9% NaCl has about the same solute concentration as blood plasma, so it is isotonic. Water moves equally in and out of red blood cells, which keep their normal shape.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · A simple molecular (covalent) substance
Why this is the answer
Nonmetals bond covalently, and a gas at room temperature must have weak forces between separate molecules. No ions or free electrons means no conduction. Giant networks such as diamond are solids with very high melting points.
A · A simple molecular (covalent) substance
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