1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
- ARadial nerve
- BMedian nerve
- CMusculocutaneous nerve
- DUlnar nerve
2.Human anatomyHard
In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?
- ABetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
- BBetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
- CBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
- DBetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiologyMedium
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:
- AContractility falls when temperature rises
- BThe atria contract after the ventricles
- CStroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
- DHeart rate rises when arterial blood pressure falls suddenly
4.Human physiologyHard
In a patient with primary hypothyroidism, you would expect:
- ALow TSH and low free T4
- BHigh TSH and low free T4
- CLow TSH and high free T4
- DHigh TSH and high free T4
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) are crossed. What is the expected genotype ratio?
- A3 AA : 1 aa
- B2 AA : 1 Aa : 1 aa
- C1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
- D1 AA : 1 aa
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A cube-shaped cell has sides of 2 µm. What is its surface area-to-volume ratio?
- A2 : 1
- B3 : 1
- C6 : 1
- D1 : 3
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What are the products of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon such as methane?
- AOxygen and water
- BCarbon monoxide and hydrogen
- CCarbon dioxide and water
- DCarbon and hydrogen gas
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, most alpha particles passed straight through the foil but a few bounced back. What did this show?
- AAtoms are solid, indivisible spheres
- BElectrons are spread evenly through a positive "pudding"
- CAn atom is mostly empty space with a small, dense, positive nucleus
- DElectrons move in fixed circular orbits
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Median nerve
Why this is the answer
The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel under the flexor retinaculum; compression causes tingling in the thumb, index and middle fingers.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
Why this is the answer
At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.
D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
Why this is the answer
Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.
C · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · High TSH and low free T4
Why this is the answer
When the thyroid fails, low T4 removes negative feedback and the pituitary raises TSH. Low TSH with low T4 would point to secondary (pituitary) hypothyroidism.
B · High TSH and low free T4
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
Why this is the answer
The square gives AA, Aa, aA and aa, which is 1 : 2 : 1. The phenotype ratio is 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 3 : 1
Why this is the answer
Surface area = 6 × 2² = 24 µm² and volume = 2³ = 8 µm³, so the ratio is 24 : 8 = 3 : 1. A 1 µm cube has a ratio of 6 : 1, which shows that the ratio falls as a cell grows.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Carbon dioxide and water
Why this is the answer
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O. With too little oxygen, incomplete combustion also forms carbon monoxide and soot.
C · Carbon dioxide and water
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · An atom is mostly empty space with a small, dense, positive nucleus
Why this is the answer
Most particles passing through meant most of the atom is empty; the rare sharp rebounds meant a tiny region of concentrated positive charge and mass. This replaced the plum-pudding model with the nuclear model.
C · An atom is mostly empty space with a small, dense, positive nucleus
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