1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve controls most of the muscles of facial expression?
- ATrigeminal nerve (V)
- BFacial nerve (VII)
- COculomotor nerve (III)
- DHypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomyHard
Why is the proximal pole of the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis after a waist fracture?
- AIt is drained by a single vein that clots easily
- BIts blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
- CIt has no blood supply at all
- DIts only artery runs through the lunate
3.Human physiologyMedium
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:
- AStroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
- BHeart rate rises when arterial blood pressure falls suddenly
- CContractility falls when temperature rises
- DThe atria contract after the ventricles
4.Human physiologyHard
In Graves' disease, what thyroid function results are expected and why?
- AHigh T4 and high TSH, because the anterior pituitary gland is overactive
- BLow T4 and low TSH, because the hypothalamus fails
- CLow T4 and high TSH, because antibodies destroy the gland
- DHigh T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What are introns?
- ACodons that tell the ribosome to stop translation
- BShort pieces of DNA made on the lagging strand
- CNon-coding sections removed from pre-mRNA before translation
- DCoding sections joined together to form the mature mRNA
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Sweating cools the body. Which property of water best explains this?
- AIt takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate
- BIt has a very low specific heat
- CIt is a nonpolar solvent
- DIt is less dense as ice than as a liquid
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why does oxygen move from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood?
- AThe partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood
- BOxygen is pumped actively into the blood
- CThe partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the blood than in the alveoli
- DOxygen is heavier than carbon dioxide
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
How many grams of NaCl are in 250 mL of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline?
- A22.5 g
- B0.9 g
- C9 g
- D2.25 g
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Facial nerve (VII)
Why this is the answer
The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage causes facial palsy, as in Bell's palsy.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
Why this is the answer
Branches of the radial artery enter the scaphoid mainly distally and flow backwards. A fracture through the waist can cut off the proximal pole, causing avascular necrosis.
B · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
Why this is the answer
Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.
A · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
Why this is the answer
TSH-receptor antibodies stimulate the thyroid independently of TSH. The resulting high T4 and T3 suppress pituitary TSH by negative feedback.
D · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Non-coding sections removed from pre-mRNA before translation
Why this is the answer
In eukaryotes, a gene's first RNA copy contains introns and exons. Introns are cut out by splicing, and the exons are joined to make the mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus.
C · Non-coding sections removed from pre-mRNA before translation
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · It takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate
Why this is the answer
Water has a high heat of vaporisation, so evaporating sweat removes a large amount of heat from the skin. Its high specific heat also helps keep body temperature steady.
A · It takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood
Why this is the answer
Each gas diffuses down its own partial pressure gradient. Alveolar air has a higher oxygen partial pressure than blood arriving at the lungs, so O₂ diffuses in, while CO₂ diffuses the other way.
A · The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 2.25 g
Why this is the answer
0.9 g per 100 mL × 250 mL = 0.9 × 2.5 = 2.25 g. A full 1 L bag would contain 9 g.
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