उत्तरों सहित प्रयोगशाला मान और इलेक्ट्रोलाइट वर्कशीट

A patient on warfarin asks what an INR of 2.0 means. Which explanation is best?

1. AYour blood clots about twice as fast as is normal
2. BYour blood takes about twice as long as normal to clot
3. CYour warfarin dose is twice what it should be
4. DYou have twice the normal number of platelets

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency typically causes which type of anemia?

1. AMacrocytic anemia, with large red cells
2. BHemolytic anemia, with destroyed red cells
3. CAplastic anemia, with an empty bone marrow
4. DMicrocytic anemia, with small red cells

प्लेटलेट गणना की वयस्क में सामान्य संदर्भ सीमा क्या है?

1. Aलगभग 12–16 × 10³/µL (12–16 × 10⁹/L)
2. Bलगभग 4.5–11 × 10³/µL (4.5–11 × 10⁹/L)
3. Cलगभग 150–400 × 10³/µL (150–400 × 10⁹/L)
4. Dलगभग 1000–2000 × 10³/µL (1000–2000 × 10⁹/L)

A patient takes high-dose biotin supplements for hair and nails. Why should the nurse report this before blood tests?

1. ABiotin causes a true rise in blood glucose in all patients
2. BBiotin lowers the hemoglobin by destroying the red cells
3. CBiotin makes the blood clot in the tube before testing
4. DBiotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH

When should a blood specimen tube be labeled?

1. AAt the bedside, in the patient's presence, using two identifiers
2. BBefore entering the room, so tubes are ready for the next patients
3. CIn the laboratory, by the staff who receive the unlabeled sample
4. DAt the nurses' station, after all samples for the shift are drawn

An older adult takes lisinopril and furosemide and recently started daily ibuprofen for knee pain. The creatinine has risen from 1.0 to 1.8 mg/dL (88 to 159 µmol/L). What is the most likely cause?

1. AA laboratory error, since ibuprofen has no effect on the kidney
2. BMore activity has increased the patient's muscle mass quickly
3. CNormal aging of the kidneys over a period of a few weeks
4. DThe NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs

A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?

1. AA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
2. BNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
3. CAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
4. DChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline

Which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pattern most strongly suggests bacterial meningitis?

1. AClear fluid, high glucose, low protein, many red cells
2. BClear fluid, normal glucose, mildly raised protein, lymphocytes
3. CCloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils
4. DClear fluid, normal glucose, normal protein, no white cells