उत्तरों सहित मेड-सर्ज: हृदय-संवहनी और श्वसन वर्कशीट

What does the term "preload" describe?

1. AThe force of contraction regardless of filling
2. BThe amount of blood left in the atria after systole
3. CThe stretch of the ventricle at the end of filling
4. DThe resistance the ventricle pumps against

In a tension pneumothorax, which way does the trachea usually shift?

1. AAway from the affected side
2. BUpwards towards the chin
3. CIt never moves in a pneumothorax
4. DTowards the affected side

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?

1. AThe right atrium
2. BThe left ventricle
3. CThe left atrium
4. DThe right ventricle

How do clopidogrel and ticagrelor work?

1. AThey inhibit the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver
2. BThey dissolve fibrin in existing clots
3. CThey block the platelet ADP (P2Y₁₂) receptor
4. DThey directly inhibit thrombin in the plasma

Why are beta-blockers often started after a myocardial infarction?

1. AThey lower the heart's oxygen demand and reduce arrhythmias
2. BThey dissolve the clot that is blocking the coronary artery
3. CThey reduce cholesterol in the blood
4. DThey raise the heart rate to improve blood flow to the muscle

Why is aspirin chewed rather than swallowed whole in a suspected acute coronary syndrome?

1. AChewing stops the aspirin from irritating the lining of the stomach
2. BChewing changes aspirin into an anticoagulant
3. CChewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
4. DWhole aspirin tablets cannot be absorbed at all from the gut

A patient with small-cell lung cancer becomes confused. Sodium is 122 mmol/L (122 mEq/L) with concentrated urine, and there are no signs of dehydration. What is the most likely cause?

1. ACranial diabetes insipidus from brain metastases
2. BExcess salt in the diet over several weeks
3. CSyndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
4. DSevere dehydration from poor oral intake

A patient taking ramipril and indapamide for hypertension starts regular ibuprofen for back pain. A week later, creatinine has risen sharply. What is the most likely cause?

1. AIbuprofen raising the blood pressure to levels that damage the kidneys
2. BBack pain causing kidney damage
3. CAn allergic reaction to the diuretic causing inflammation of the kidney
4. DAn ACE inhibitor, diuretic and NSAID together reducing kidney perfusion