Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

A patient receiving continuous nasogastric feeding has pulled the tube partly out. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AStop the feeding until the tube position is checked
  2. BIncrease the feed rate to make up for the lost time
  3. CPush the tube back in and restart the feed
  4. DTape the tube in its new position and continue
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A nurse has raised a safety concern about an order with the prescriber, who dismissed it without addressing it. What should the nurse do next?

  1. ADiscuss the concern with the patient and let them decide
  2. BCarry out the order as written, because the prescriber has heard the concern
  3. CRefuse to care for the patient for the rest of the shift until the prescriber apologizes
  4. DState the concern clearly a second time and, if still unresolved, use the chain of command
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

Why might a nurse use silence during a conversation with a patient?

  1. AIt gives the patient time to think and say more
  2. BIt ends the conversation politely
  3. CIt shows the patient that the nurse is busy and wants to move on
  4. DIt lets the nurse plan the next task
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A patient with a slow-healing leg ulcer is eating less than half of their meals. What is the most helpful nursing action?

  1. AGive extra salt to stimulate the appetite
  2. BRefer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
  3. CWait until the ulcer heals before addressing nutrition
  4. DAsk the patient to drink less to avoid swelling
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Bakteri mana yang menyebabkan batuk rejan (pertusis)?

  1. ACorynebacterium diphtheriae
  2. BHaemophilus influenzae
  3. CBordetella pertussis
  4. DMycoplasma pneumoniae
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM/MIC) suatu antibiotik adalah:

  1. AKonsentrasi terendah yang mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri yang terlihat secara in vitro
  2. BKadar plasma saat efek samping mulai muncul
  3. CDosis tertinggi yang dapat ditoleransi pasien
  4. DKonsentrasi terendah yang membunuh 99,9% inokulum bakteri secara in vitro

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: A · Stop the feeding until the tube position is checked

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A displaced tube may now sit in the esophagus or airway. The feeding is stopped and the tube is not pushed back blindly. Its position is checked according to policy, or it is replaced.

Jawaban

A · Stop the feeding until the tube position is checked
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · State the concern clearly a second time and, if still unresolved, use the chain of command

Mengapa ini jawabannya

The two-challenge rule says the concern is voiced at least twice to make sure it was heard. If it is still not addressed, the nurse escalates through the chain of command rather than acting against the patient’s safety.

Jawaban

D · State the concern clearly a second time and, if still unresolved, use the chain of command
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · It gives the patient time to think and say more

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Therapeutic silence gives the patient space to gather their thoughts and express feelings, especially about difficult topics. It is used with attentive body language.

Jawaban

A · It gives the patient time to think and say more
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · Refer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Poor intake delays healing. Screening, dietitian referral, food charts and support with meals, including protein and energy supplements if needed, help the wound heal.

Jawaban

B · Refer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Bordetella pertussis

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Bordetella pertussis menyebabkan serangan batuk panjang dengan bunyi "whoop". Penyakit ini paling berbahaya bagi bayi, itulah sebabnya vaksinasi selama kehamilan ditawarkan di banyak negara.

Jawaban

C · Bordetella pertussis
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: A · Konsentrasi terendah yang mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri yang terlihat secara in vitro

Mengapa ini jawabannya

KHM adalah konsentrasi terendah yang menghambat pertumbuhan yang terlihat. Konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) adalah konsentrasi terendah yang membunuh 99,9% bakteri.

Jawaban

A · Konsentrasi terendah yang mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri yang terlihat secara in vitro

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