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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
A patient is on a ventilator. Which bed position helps to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?
AHead of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
BHead of the bed raised about 10 degrees
CLying completely flat
DTrendelenburg position
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A patient on an anticoagulant falls and hits their head but says they feel fine. What should the nurse do?
AWait until the next day to see if a headache develops
BHelp the patient back to bed and do nothing more if they feel fine
CNotify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
DGive the next anticoagulant dose early to prevent clots from forming after the fall
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
A patient has just finished a glass of iced water. How should this affect taking an oral temperature?
ATake it straight away, as cold drinks do not affect the mouth
BUse the reading but only if the patient says they feel warm
CWait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
DAdd half a degree to the reading to correct for the drink
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
According to current European (ERC) and 2025 American Heart Association guidelines, what is the first action for a conscious adult who is choking and cannot cough effectively?
AGive a glass of water
BStart chest compressions at once
CGive 5 rescue breaths
DGive up to 5 back blows
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Bagaimana DNA dipindahkan antarbakteri selama konjugasi?
AMelalui kontak langsung menggunakan pilus seks
BMelalui pengambilan DNA bebas dari lingkungan
CMelalui peleburan dua sel bakteri menjadi satu
DMelalui bakteriofag yang membawa DNA bakteri
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Mengapa seseorang bisa terkena influenza berkali-kali, tetapi campak biasanya hanya sekali?
AVirus campak tidak memiliki antigen permukaan
BInfluenza menyerang dan menghancurkan sel memori yang terbentuk setelah infeksi
CCampak disebabkan bakteri
DVirus influenza sering mengubah antigen permukaannya
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Raising the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces aspiration of oral and gastric secretions into the lungs. It is part of the usual ventilator care bundle, unless contraindicated.
Jawaban
A · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: C · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Head injury in a patient on anticoagulants can cause bleeding inside the skull that shows signs later. The provider is told at once, imaging may be needed and neurological checks are done closely.
Jawaban
C · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Hot or cold drinks, eating and smoking change the temperature in the mouth for a while. The nurse waits 15–30 minutes or uses another site.
Jawaban
C · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · Give up to 5 back blows
Mengapa ini jawabannya
For severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult, give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts if needed, and repeat. Older US teaching started with abdominal thrusts alone. If they become unresponsive, start CPR.
Jawaban
D · Give up to 5 back blows
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: A · Melalui kontak langsung menggunakan pilus seks
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Dalam konjugasi, sel donor membentuk pilus ke sel penerima dan memindahkan DNA, sering berupa plasmid. Ini cara penting penyebaran gen resistansi antibiotik.
Jawaban
A · Melalui kontak langsung menggunakan pilus seks
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Virus influenza sering mengubah antigen permukaannya
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Hemaglutinin dan neuraminidase influenza berubah melalui drift (mutasi kecil) dan shift (penataan ulang), sehingga antibodi lama mungkin tidak mengenali galur baru. Virus campak stabil secara antigenik.
Jawaban
D · Virus influenza sering mengubah antigen permukaannya