Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

After teaching a patient about a new medication, how does the nurse best check understanding?

  1. AAsk the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
  2. BAsk “Do you understand?” and accept a yes
  3. CGive a printed leaflet about the drug and assume the patient will read it at home
  4. DAsk the family whether they understood the teaching
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A nurse has a needlestick from a patient with hepatitis B. The nurse finished the vaccine series and has a documented protective antibody level. Which statement is correct?

  1. AThe nurse must stop all patient care for six months
  2. BNo reporting is needed because the nurse is immune
  3. CHepatitis B immune globulin and a complete new vaccine series are both needed at once
  4. DNo hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AFaecal impaction with overflow
  2. BAn infection that needs antidiarrhoeal drugs at once
  3. CNormal bowel function returning
  4. DA side effect of drinking too much water
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

For a patient at risk of pressure ulcers, why is the head of the bed usually kept at 30 degrees or less if their condition allows?

  1. AHigher angles always cause breathing problems in patients who are bedbound
  2. BHigher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
  3. CLower angles stop the patient from getting out of bed
  4. DLower angles increase blood flow to the heels
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Organisme mana yang sering menyebabkan infeksi pada luka bakar dan pada penderita fibrosis kistik, serta dapat menghasilkan pigmen hijau?

  1. APseudomonas aeruginosa
  2. BClostridium tetani
  3. CStreptococcus pyogenes
  4. DHelicobacter pylori
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Virus hepatitis mana yang terutama menular melalui makanan dan air yang tercemar?

  1. AHepatitis B dan C
  2. BHepatitis A dan E
  3. CHepatitis B dan D
  4. DHepatitis C dan E

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: A · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it

Mengapa ini jawabannya

With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.

Jawaban

A · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · No hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A documented vaccine responder is protected against hepatitis B and needs no hepatitis B prophylaxis. The exposure is still reported, because the nurse and source patient need assessment for HIV and hepatitis C as well.

Jawaban

D · No hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · Faecal impaction with overflow

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.

Jawaban

A · Faecal impaction with overflow
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum

Mengapa ini jawabannya

When the head is raised high, the body tends to slide while the skin stays still, distorting the tissues over the sacrum. Keeping the angle low, where safe, reduces this shear.

Jawaban

B · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: A · Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah patogen oportunistik pada luka bakar, pasien dengan ventilator, dan paru-paru penderita fibrosis kistik. Bakteri ini secara alami resisten terhadap banyak antibiotik.

Jawaban

A · Pseudomonas aeruginosa
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · Hepatitis A dan E

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Hepatitis A dan E menular melalui jalur fekal-oral. B, C, dan D menular melalui darah dan cairan tubuh dan dapat menyebabkan infeksi kronis.

Jawaban

B · Hepatitis A dan E

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety