Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

A peripheral IV site is red, warm and tender along the vein. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARemove the catheter and insert a new one at another site if still needed
  2. BIncrease the infusion rate to finish the bag sooner
  3. CApply a warm pack and keep using the same site
  4. DFlush the catheter harder to clear the vein and keep using the same site
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A patient arrives in the operating room for knee surgery, and the site has not been marked. What should happen?

  1. AStart the surgery, because the consent form shows the side
  2. BMark the site after the patient is anesthetized and draped
  3. CLet the circulating nurse mark the site from memory of the surgeon’s plan
  4. DDo not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

A patient you are walking with starts to fall. What should you do?

  1. ATry to hold them upright with your arms around their chest
  2. BGrab them under the armpits and lift them
  3. CEase them gently to the floor while protecting their head
  4. DLet go quickly and call for help
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

An older patient's leg wound has become more painful and has a new unpleasant smell, but there is no fever. What does this suggest?

  1. AAn allergy to the dressing that needs no action
  2. BThe wound has dried out and needs to be left open
  3. CA possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
  4. DNormal healing, because there is no fever and the wound is still closed
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Pemindahan gen bakteri dari satu bakteri ke bakteri lain oleh virus disebut:

  1. ATransformasi
  2. BKonjugasi
  3. CTransduksi
  4. DTranskripsi
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Keracunan makanan akibat Staphylococcus aureus dimulai hanya 1–6 jam setelah makan. Mengapa begitu cepat?

  1. ABakteri langsung menyerbu aliran darah
  2. BBakteri berkembang biak sangat cepat di dalam usus dan menginvasi dinding usus
  3. CSistem imun bereaksi terhadap bakteri dalam hitungan menit
  4. DBakteri telah membuat toksin tahan panas di dalam makanan sebelum dimakan

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: A · Remove the catheter and insert a new one at another site if still needed

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Redness, warmth and tenderness along the vein indicate phlebitis, which can lead to infection. The catheter is removed and, if IV access is still needed, a new one is placed at a different site.

Jawaban

A · Remove the catheter and insert a new one at another site if still needed
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Wrong-site surgery is prevented by marking the site before the procedure, ideally with the awake patient’s involvement, and confirming it at the time-out. The procedure does not begin until this is done.

Jawaban

D · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · Ease them gently to the floor while protecting their head

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Trying to stop a fall can injure both the nurse and the patient. The nurse widens their stance, supports the patient and guides them down, protecting the head.

Jawaban

C · Ease them gently to the floor while protecting their head
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · A possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Increasing pain, odour, new exudate or delayed healing can signal infection even without fever, especially in older adults. The wound is assessed, the change reported and a swab taken if policy advises.

Jawaban

C · A possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Transduksi

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Dalam transduksi, bakteriofag secara tidak sengaja mengemas DNA bakteri dan mengantarkannya ke sel berikutnya yang diinfeksinya. Transformasi adalah pengambilan DNA bebas, dan konjugasi menggunakan kontak langsung.

Jawaban

C · Transduksi
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: D · Bakteri telah membuat toksin tahan panas di dalam makanan sebelum dimakan

Mengapa ini jawabannya

S. aureus menghasilkan enterotoksin dalam makanan yang dibiarkan pada suhu hangat. Toksin sudah ada ketika makanan dimakan dan bertahan saat dipanaskan ulang, sehingga gejala muncul cepat.

Jawaban

D · Bakteri telah membuat toksin tahan panas di dalam makanan sebelum dimakan

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