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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
Which IV fluid can be given with packed red blood cells in the same line?
A0,9% sodium chloride
B5% dextrose in 0,45% sodium chloride
CLactated Ringer’s (Hartmann’s) solution
D5% dextrose in water
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A nurse teaches parents about using an infant car seat. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“We will install the seat in the back seat, facing the rear.”
B“We will use the car seat for every trip, even short ones.”
C“We will put the rear-facing seat in the front so we can see the baby.”
D“We will make sure the harness straps are snug against the baby’s chest.”
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
What is the purpose of the Z-track technique for intramuscular injections?
AIt numbs the skin before the needle goes in
BIt makes the injection go into the fatty tissue instead of the muscle
CIt lets the nurse give a larger volume into a small muscle
DIt seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
In English law, giving a treatment to a competent adult who has clearly refused it may amount to:
ABreach of an employment contract
BDefamation of character
CBattery (trespass to the person)
DTheft
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa faktor virulensi utama Streptococcus pneumoniae, yang juga menjadi target vaksinnya?
AEndosporanya
BToksinnya yang mirip toksin kolera
CFlagelanya
DKapsul polisakaridanya
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Corynebacterium diphtheriae hanya menyebabkan difteri jika menghasilkan toksin difteri. Kapan bakteri ini membuat toksin tersebut?
AKetika membawa bakteriofag dengan gen toksin
BHanya setelah berkonjugasi dengan E. coli dan menerima plasmid
CHanya ketika ditumbuhkan pada suhu tinggi
DSetiap kali terpapar antibiotik
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · 0,9% sodium chloride
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Only 0,9% sodium chloride is compatible with blood. Dextrose (glucose) solutions can cause red cells to clump and break down, and the calcium in lactated Ringer’s (Hartmann’s) can cause clotting.
Jawaban
A · 0,9% sodium chloride
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: C · “We will put the rear-facing seat in the front so we can see the baby.”
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A rear-facing car seat must never be placed in front of an active airbag, which can strike the seat with great force. Infants ride rear-facing in the back seat, with a snug harness, on every trip.
Jawaban
C · “We will put the rear-facing seat in the front so we can see the baby.”
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
Jawaban
D · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · Battery (trespass to the person)
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Touching or treating a person without valid consent can be battery, even if the treatment was meant to help. This is why consent is needed before care.
Jawaban
C · Battery (trespass to the person)
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Kapsul polisakaridanya
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Kapsul melindungi S. pneumoniae dari fagositosis. Ada banyak tipe kapsul, dan vaksin pneumokokus mengandung polisakarida kapsul dari tipe-tipe yang paling umum.
Jawaban
D · Kapsul polisakaridanya
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: A · Ketika membawa bakteriofag dengan gen toksin
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Gen tox dibawa oleh bakteriofag. Ketika fag terintegrasi sebagai profag, bakteri dapat menghasilkan toksin. Galur tanpa fag tidak toksigenik.