Lembar kerja Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasi dengan jawaban

Which colour change is typical of Raynaud's phenomenon?

1. AThe whole arm turns pale and then black
2. BFingers turn white, then blue, then red
3. CFingers turn yellow, then green, then brown
4. DFingers stay red and hot for several days

What defines type 2 respiratory failure?

1. ANormal PaO₂ with a low PaCO₂
2. BLow PaO₂ with a raised PaCO₂
3. CLow PaO₂ with a normal or low PaCO₂
4. DHigh PaO₂ with a high bicarbonate

What is the main risk factor for lung cancer?

1. ALow blood pressure
2. BA high-protein diet
3. CDrinking coffee
4. DCigarette smoking

Why are beta-blockers often started after a myocardial infarction?

1. AThey reduce cholesterol in the blood
2. BThey lower the heart's oxygen demand and reduce arrhythmias
3. CThey raise the heart rate to improve blood flow to the muscle
4. DThey dissolve the clot that is blocking the coronary artery

Why does a large, rapidly forming pericardial effusion lower the blood pressure?

1. AIt dilates the arteries throughout the body
2. BIt makes the heart muscle contract too strongly and too fast
3. CIt causes the aortic valve to leak backwards into the ventricle
4. DIt compresses the heart and stops the ventricles filling

Why is a non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol usually avoided in a patient with asthma?

1. AIt raises the heart rate sharply during an acute asthma attack
2. BIt can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
3. CIt thickens airway mucus by drying the airways
4. DIt makes inhaled corticosteroids work too strongly

After a pneumonectomy, how is the patient usually positioned?

1. AOn the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
2. BFlat and prone for the whole of the first day after surgery
3. CFully on the non-operated side, to help drain the empty space
4. DHead down with the legs raised, to drain secretions from the lung

Four surgical patients need VTE prevention. For which patient is mechanical prophylaxis alone most appropriate?

1. AAn obese patient after hip surgery
2. BA patient who had a brain haemorrhage two days ago
3. CA patient with cancer having bowel surgery
4. DA patient after an uncomplicated knee replacement