Lembar kerja Farmakologi dengan jawaban

On the WHO analgesic ladder, which drugs form the first step?

1. AWeak opioids such as codeine or tramadol, used on their own
2. BNon-opioids such as paracetamol and NSAIDs
3. CLocal anaesthetic nerve blocks for all patients
4. DStrong opioids such as morphine given intravenously

Desmopressin is a synthetic analogue of which hormone?

1. AAldosterone
2. BInsulin
3. CAntidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
4. DOxytocin, the hormone of labour

Apa yang dijelaskan oleh "bioavailabilitas"?

1. ABagian dosis yang terikat pada protein plasma dalam sirkulasi
2. BSeberapa cepat obat diekskresikan
3. CBagian dosis yang mencapai sirkulasi sistemik tanpa berubah
4. DSeberapa kuat obat berikatan dengan reseptornya

A patient with suspected sepsis has blood cultures ordered and a first antibiotic dose due. What should the nurse do?

1. AWait for the culture results before giving any antibiotic
2. BGive the antibiotic only if the temperature is above 40 °C (104 °F)
3. CGive the antibiotic first, then take blood cultures the next day
4. DTake the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic at once

A patient taking levodopa finds that the drug works poorly after large meals. Which advice is most appropriate?

1. ADouble the dose after each meal
2. BAvoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
3. CTake the drug only at bedtime
4. DTake every dose with a large glass of milk and a protein snack

Which assessment is most important before giving a dose of IV morphine?

1. ARespiratory rate and level of sedation
2. BBlood glucose and temperature, checked before each dose
3. CPupil size and hearing
4. DBowel sounds and urine colour

A patient taking long-term morphine for cancer pain becomes very sedated with slow breathing. Why is naloxone given in small, diluted doses?

1. ATo restore breathing without causing severe withdrawal and pain
2. BTo make the effect of naloxone last longer than morphine
3. CBecause naloxone is much more potent and toxic in patients with cancer
4. DBecause naloxone is toxic to the liver in large doses

A patient with severe chronic hyponatraemia receives hypertonic saline. Why is the rate of correction strictly limited?

1. AFast correction causes immediate kidney failure
2. BRaising sodium too fast causes severe hypokalaemia and cardiac arrest
3. CRaising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
4. DHypertonic saline is toxic to the liver at high rates