Scheda di esercizi di Area medico-chirurgica: cardiovascolare e respiratoria con soluzioni

What does the term "preload" describe?

1. AThe amount of blood left in the atria after systole
2. BThe stretch of the ventricle at the end of filling
3. CThe resistance the ventricle pumps against
4. DThe force of contraction regardless of filling

Which three signs make up Beck's triad in cardiac tamponade?

1. AFever, a new heart murmur and splinter haemorrhages under the nails
2. BHigh blood pressure, a slow pulse and irregular breathing
3. CLow blood pressure, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds
4. DChest pain, ST elevation and raised troponin

What is the main function of the epiglottis?

1. AIt vibrates to produce the sound of the voice when speaking
2. BIt warms and moistens the air on its way into the lungs
3. CIt covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing
4. DIt divides the trachea into two bronchi

During an episode of chest pain, a patient's ECG shows new horizontal ST depression. What does this most likely indicate?

1. AHyperkalaemia
2. BPericarditis
3. CMyocardial ischaemia
4. DA normal finding during pain

Analysis of a pleural effusion shows it is an exudate (high protein and LDH compared with blood). Which cause is most likely?

1. ANephrotic syndrome with protein lost in urine
2. BLiver cirrhosis with a low albumin
3. CHeart failure with raised venous pressure
4. DPneumonia or cancer affecting the pleura

Where is the V1 electrode placed for a 12-lead ECG?

1. AJust below the left collarbone
2. BThe fourth intercostal space just right of the sternum
3. COver the left nipple
4. DThe fifth intercostal space in the mid-axillary line

A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?

1. AContinue the infusion at the same rate and pack the nose firmly
2. BIncrease the infusion, as the aPTT will settle
3. CGive vitamin K and continue the infusion at a slightly lower rate
4. DStop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine

Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?

1. ACheck vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
2. BGive a laxative and repeat the observations tomorrow
3. CReassure the patient that iron tablets cause black stools
4. DStop both antiplatelet drugs permanently on the nurse's own decision