1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has fallen, and the nurse completes an incident report. Which statement about this report is correct?
- AA copy of it is placed in the patient’s chart so all staff know about the fall
- BIt is only needed when the patient is injured
- CIt is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
- DIt replaces the need to document the fall in the patient’s record
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient about home oxygen safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
- A“I will put a ‘no smoking’ sign on my front door for visitors.”
- B“I will keep my oxygen away from the stove.”
- C“I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
- D“I will keep my spare cylinders upright and secured.”
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Why is hand hygiene still needed after removing gloves?
- AGloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal
- BGlove powder causes skin allergies and must always be washed off the hands
- CIt is not needed, as the gloves protected the hands
- DHand hygiene is only needed if the gloves were sterile
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
On the sacrum there is a shallow open area with a pink wound bed and no slough. How is this pressure ulcer classified?
- ACategory 1
- BCategory 2
- CCategory 4
- DCategory 3
5.微生物学ふつう
進行した HIV 感染者に起こる Pneumocystis jirovecii 肺炎は何の例ですか?
- Aベクター媒介感染症
- B食品媒介感染症
- C人獣共通感染症
- D日和見感染症
6.微生物学むずかしい
高齢者の胸の片側に、帯状に痛みのある水疱性の発疹が出ました。このパターンを説明するのはどれですか?
- A衣服へのアレルギー反応が 1 つの皮膚分節に起こる
- B水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルスが 1 つの感覚神経節から再活性化し、その神経に沿って移動する
- C新たな水痘感染が血液を介して片側に広がる
- D細菌が胸のリンパ管に沿って広がる
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
これが答えになる理由
The nurse documents the facts of the fall, the assessment and the care given in the patient’s record. The incident report is a separate quality-improvement document and is not filed in the chart. Policies differ on whether the record notes that a report was made: many US facilities advise against it, while many UK services record the report reference. Falls are reported whether or not there is an injury.
C · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
これが答えになる理由
Oxygen supports combustion, so open flames such as candles, matches, gas stoves and cigarettes must be kept away whatever the flow rate. The other statements are correct.
C · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
3.基礎看護学
答え: A · Gloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal
これが答えになる理由
Gloves reduce, but do not remove, the risk of hand contamination. Hand hygiene is performed after glove removal every time.
A · Gloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal
4.基礎看護学
答え: B · Category 2
これが答えになる理由
Category 2 (Stage 2 in the US NPIAP system) is partial-thickness skin loss, seen as a shallow open ulcer with a pink-red bed or as a blister. Category 1 is intact skin; categories 3 and 4 are full thickness.
5.微生物学
答え: D · 日和見感染症
これが答えになる理由
日和見感染症は弱った免疫系につけ込みます。HIV では CD4 数が低い水準に下がると多くなります。
6.微生物学
答え: B · 水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルスが 1 つの感覚神経節から再活性化し、その神経に沿って移動する
これが答えになる理由
水痘の後、VZV は後根神経節や脳神経節に潜伏します。免疫が弱まると再活性化し、その神経を下って皮膚分節に帯状疱疹を起こします。
B · 水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルスが 1 つの感覚神経節から再活性化し、その神経に沿って移動する