1公式と解法
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
2演習問題
1.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A parent will give a liquid antibiotic to a child at home. Which teaching is best?
- AUse a tablespoon for doses over 5 mL
- BEstimate the dose by pouring into a cup
- CUse the oral syringe or dosing cup that comes with the medicine
- DUse any teaspoon or tablespoon from the kitchen drawer at home
2.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?
- AExplain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
- BKeep visits short to limit the risk of spreading MRSA
- CStop the precautions for a few days so the patient feels less isolated and alone
- DAsk the provider for a sedative to help the patient cope
3.基礎看護学ふつう
Which patient is at greatest risk of injury from a heat pack?
- AA patient with a sore lower back after gardening
- BA young adult with a stiff neck after sleeping in an awkward position
- CA patient with period pain
- DA patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
4.基礎看護学むずかしい
During medicines reconciliation, the patient says they take an anticoagulant at home, but it has not been prescribed in hospital. What should the nurse do?
- AIgnore it, as the hospital doctor knows best
- BInform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
- CGive the patient's own supply without telling anyone
- DTell the patient to stop it for good
5.微生物学ふつう
ウイルスによって細菌の遺伝子がある細菌から別の細菌へ移ることを何と呼びますか?
- A形質導入
- B転写
- C接合
- D形質転換
6.微生物学むずかしい
前日に調理して室温で置いておいたチャーハンを食べて数時間以内に、何人かが嘔吐しました。典型的な原因となる生物はどれですか?
- ASalmonella Typhi
- BListeria monocytogenes
- CBacillus cereus
- DClostridium botulinum
3溶液
1.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Use the oral syringe or dosing cup that comes with the medicine
これが答えになる理由
Household spoons vary widely in size and cause dosing errors. A marked oral syringe or dosing device in mL gives an accurate dose.
C · Use the oral syringe or dosing cup that comes with the medicine
2.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
これが答えになる理由
Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.
A · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
3.基礎看護学
答え: D · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
これが答えになる理由
Patients who cannot feel heat properly, such as those with neuropathy, spinal injury or reduced consciousness, can be burned without noticing. Their skin needs extra checks or heat should be avoided.
D · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
4.基礎看護学
答え: B · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
これが答えになる理由
Unexplained differences between home and hospital medicines are reported to the prescriber. Missed anticoagulants can cause clots, and some omissions are deliberate, for example before surgery.
B · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
5.微生物学
答え: A · 形質導入
これが答えになる理由
形質導入では、バクテリオファージが誤って細菌の DNA を詰め込み、次に感染する細胞に届けます。形質転換は遊離 DNA の取り込みで、接合は直接の接触を使います。
6.微生物学
答え: C · Bacillus cereus
これが答えになる理由
Bacillus cereus の芽胞は煮沸に耐えます。炊いたご飯を温かいまま置くと菌が増えて耐熱性の嘔吐毒を作るため、再加熱してもご飯は安全になりません。